Minerals
What are three of the five characteristics that define a mineral?
naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystal structure, definite chemical composition
What are the three main ways sedimentary rocks form?
Clastic, Organic, Chemical
What are the three main types of volcanoes?
shield, composite, cinder cone
What causes the plates to move?
Convection currents in the asthenosphere where magma heats up, rises, then cools and sinks
What are two scales used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes?
Richter and Mercalli
What does a positive acid test on a mineral confirm?
The presence of carbonates. Calcite
Crystal size. Extrusive forms on Earth's surface and has very small crystals (obsidian). Intrusive cools slower within the Earth and has larger crystals (diorite)
Convergent plate boundary. Oceanic plates are colliding with continental plates and being pushed below them.
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
convergent, divergent, transform
Describe two differences between P waves and S waves.
P waves travel longitudinally and arrive before S waves (faster velocity)
S waves travel transversely and arrive after the P waves (slower velocity)
Name three common copper ores.
azurite, chalcopyrite, malachite
What types of rocks can be foliated? Explain what it means to show foliation.
Metamorphic. The minerals within the rock become aligned due to extreme pressure. (gneiss)
Hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. Their position on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries. (Hawaiian islands)
Where do most earthquakes occur in the world? What is the famous fault in California?
plate boundaries
San Andres Fault
Name five minerals and describe a key identifying characteristic of that mineral.
olivine = light green color
magnetite = magnetic
azurite = bright blue
talc = soft and slippery
mica = flaky
Give two examples of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.
sedimentary: conglomerate, sandstone
igneous: basalt, pumice
metamorphic: marble, schist, gneiss
Divergent plate boundaries
Basalt
What land form(s) are created when an oceanic plate converges on a continental plate?
trench, volcanic mountains (Mariana trench, Sierra Nevada Mountains, Andes Mountains)
The one closest to the earthquake will have the arrival of the P and S waves closest together
Describe the difference between fracture and cleavage. Give an example of a mineral that fractures and one that show cleavage.
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding. (mica, halite) Minerals that fracture break in no regular pattern. (quartz, pyrite, magnetite)
List two time periods during which many of Michigan's fossils are from. Give two examples of fossils found in Michigan.
Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian
Trilobites, horn coral, petoskey stones (coral), crinoids, brachiopods
What types of rocks are formed from volcanoes? Give three examples and describe identifying features of each rock.
Igneous
Pumice - very light rock
Obsidian - smooth, glassy black/brown rock
Basalt - gray/black rock with small crystals
Granite
Diorite
Which ocean (Atlantic or Pacific) is getting bigger? Explain.
What is the name of the deepest spot in the ocean? Where is it located?
Atlantic - the plates are diverging
Challenger deep in Marianas Trench - Southwest of Japan in the Pacific Ocean
How many times stronger is a magnitude 6 earthquake vs. a magnitude 3 earthquake? (using the Richter scale)
1,000X stronger