Layers of the Earth
What layer of the earth is broken into several different pieces?
Crust
What kinds of geologic events are caused by transform boundaries?
earthquakes
What is the difference between lava and magma?
Both are melted rock, but magma is found underground and lava is above ground (from an erupting volcano)
What properties should you use to identify a mineral if you don't know what it is?
color, luster, streak, and hardness
You are a rock that formed when lava cooled after a volcanic eruption. What kind of rock are you?
igneous rock
What are 2 environmental services (things you can't hold) that soil provides for us?
Which layer of the earth is completely liquid?
Outer Core
What is subduction? (What kinds of plates are involved, and what happens to each of them?)
An oceanic plate runs into a continental crust plate at a convergent boundary and the oceanic crust gets pushed down underneath the continental crust because it is more dense.
Which earthquake waves carry energy perpendicularly to the direction that molecules are moving? (This kind of wave can travel through solids but not liquids.)
Secondary waves
How do you test the streak of a mineral?
Use the mineral like a piece of chalk on a hard surface (like a ceramic tile) and observe what color of mineral powder is left behind
You are a rock in the oceanic crust, formed by pressure squishing together the grains of sand that had collected there. What kind of rock are you?
Sedimentary Rock
What is the ideal soil type for being able to filter water well without flooding?
loam
Which layer of earth is soft and gooey, but not completely melted?
Mantle
How do the plates move in each of the 3 tectonic plate boundaries?
Convergent: plates move crash into each other; Divergent: plates move apart; Transform: plates slide past each other in opposite directions
How does the amount of dissolved gas in magma/lava change the way that a volcano erupts?
More dissolved gas makes a more explosive eruption (like when you shake up a bottle of soda and increase the pressure of the dissolved carbon dioxide in it before opening it)
What do "dull," "earthy," "vitreous," "waxy," and "metallic" describe?
The luster of a mineral
You are a very dense rock with crystals in it. How did you form?
Heat and pressure (you are a metamorphic rock)
What is one positive and one negative thing that we noticed about sandy soil in the kool-aid lab?
positive: water drains well
negative: it only filters water some
Which layer makes rock SLOWLY rise and sink in circles because of convection?
Mantle
What are the 3 different observations that led Alfred Wegener to believe that the continents are moving?
1. Fossil evidence (same plant/animal species found on different continents that now have different climates) 2. Continents are similar shapes that fit together like puzzle pieces (South America and Africa, for example) 3. Mountain ranges are made of the same rock layers on different continents (the Appalachian Mountains match a mountain range in Scotland, for example)
What makes magma/lava more viscous?
More silica makes more viscous (thicker/stickier) lava
Which objects should you use (in order) when testing a mineral's hardness?
fingernail, copper penny, steel nail
What kind of rock often has fossils inside of it?
sedimentary rock
What is one positive and one negative thing that we discovered about clay soil in the kool-aid lab?
positive: it filters water very well
negative: water flows extremely slowly (it floods)
Why is the inner core solid even though it is the hottest layer?
There is too much pressure from all of the layers on top of it for it to melt
What kinds of events can happen at a convergent boundary?
Mountains, Subduction, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
If you are building a building in an earthquake-prone area, what can you do to make it safer?
Make it tall instead of short and wide to make it more flexible, build it out of flexible materials like wood or steel instead of rigid materials like brick or cement, and add diagonal braces to reduce the impact of shaking in different directions. You can also build houses on stable bedrock instead of areas with more loose sediment to prevent foundations from sinking in the event of an earthquake.
All ______ are made out of 2 or more different kinds of minerals.
Rocks
How does sediment form?
weathering and erosion
What are the 4 "ingredients" that make up soil?