Types of Rock
The Rock Cycle
Weathering
Erosion
Plate Tectonics
Streams & Glaciers
Carbon Cycle
100
This type of rock is formed from compacted and cemented sedements
Sedimentary Rock
100
What process turns a solid into a liquid?
Melting
100
What is "weathering?"
Breaking down rocks
100
What is erosion?
Moving sediments!
100
What is a boundary where two plates move toward one another?
Convergent Boundary
100
What is the difference between a valley glacier and a continental glacier?
Valley glaciers occur in the valleys between mountains, while continental glaciers are much larger sheets of ice that can cover entire mountain ranges and even continents (like Antarctica!).
100
What is a form of Carbon that exists as a gas in the atmosphere?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
CFC's (Chlorofluorocarbons)
200
This type of rock is formed from lava above the surface
Extrusive Igneous Rock
200
What 2 processes turn magma or lava into igneous rock?
Cooling and Hardening
200
What is an example of mechanical weathering?
Boulders colliding in a stream, gravity causing rock slides, trees cracking boulders with their roots: physical actions!
200
What are 3 processes that cause erosion?
Wind, Water, Gravity, People & Animals
200
What can happen when two plates are grinding past one another at a transform fault?
Earthquakes and Tsunamis
200
What is the "gradient" of a stream?
The gradient of a stream is the slope, how far the water drops in a given unit of distance/length.
200
When we breath out CO2... where does it go?
Either in the atmosphere or plants take it up during photosynthesis
300
This type of rock is formed from magma below the surface
Intrusive Igneous Rock
300
What 2 processes turn sediments into sedimentary rock?
Compaction & Cementation
300
What is an example of chemical weathering?
Acid rain causing etching, hydrolysis, acidic water carving channels in rock
300
How does erosion change barrier islands?
Erosion creates and destroys barrier islands, can change their shape and cause them to move
300
What kind of boundary exists at the mid-ocean ridges?
Divergent Boundary
300
Where does water flow fastest: the inside or the outside of this bend bend?
Water flows fastest in the outside of the bend. The reason there is a lot of sand and pebbles on the inside bend is because water does not move fast enough to move these sediments. The water is deeper on the outside of the bend because fast water has carried away all of the smaller sediments.
300
What do humans do that releases more CO2 into the atmosphere than all of our breathing combined?
We burn fossil fuels! (100 bonus point if you can name 3 different fossil fuels)
400
Why is metamorphic rock called, "metamorphic rock?"
Because metamorphic rock changes!
400
Name 2 islands that were formed by volcanos
Any of the Hawaiian Islands or Iceland (among many others all around the world)
400
How do water and wind cause weathering?
Pushing smaller sediments against one another until they bust apart!
400
What is the relationship between runoff and turbidity?
Runoff carries sediments into water where the sediments can make the water appear muddy, or turbid.
400
What kind of boundary exists at the San Andreas Fault?
Transform Fault Boundary
400
What is currently causing glaciers around the world to melt, shrink and recede? 
Climate change caused by burning fossil fuels, releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere than humans, or plants, can remove from the atmosphere.
400
How were all of our fossil fuels formed 360 million years ago?
During the carboniferous period, plants took up CO2 from the atmosphere, turned it into leaves, stems, roots, seeds and fruit and all of this "organic matter" became deposited in deep layers and buried. Time, heat and pressure metamorphosed this organic matter into coal, oil and natural gas.
500
How is chalk formed?
Layering of dead algae and plankton over millions of years
500
This kind of zone occurs at convergent boundaries, where heat and pressure melt solid rock into magma
Subduction Zone
500
What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering?
Mechanical weathering is a physical process that does not change the makeup of the rock. Chemical weathering is chemical process that changes the chemical composition of the rock.
500
What can we do on land to prevent erosion?
Riparian Buffers, erosion fences at construction sites, keeping land vegetated, reducing construction and development
500
Who first proposed the theory of plate tectonics? (His version was called "Continental Drift.")
Alfred Wegener!
500
What phenomenon is caused by the melting of glaciers and ice sheets? This phenomenon is also causing barrier islands on the East Coast of the U.S. to shrink and retreat.
Sea Level Rise
500
What role does the ocean play in the carbon cycle?
The ocean absorbs CO2 directly from the atmosphere. It also houses photosynthetic algae that absorb more CO2 ever year than all the trees on Earth.