Plate Tectonics
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Rocks
Miscellaneous
100
This theory states that the Earth’s surface is broken into plates that move as a result of convection currents in the asthenosphere. The movement causes earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, formation of new crust and destruction of old crust.
What is Plate Tectonics?
100
This is the difference between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake
What is: The focus is the place in the crust where the rock first breaks, all of the energy is released from this point. The epicenter is the place on the surface directly over the focus. It is where we feel it first.
100
This is why many volcanoes occur on the "Ring of Fire"
What is: Much of this region is surrounded by active plate boundaries where volcanoes occur?
100
This is the type of rock fossils are found in
What is sedimentary rock?
100
This is how folded mountains form
What is: At a convergent boundary the continental crust is pushed up and folded. Over long periods of time this forms folded mountain chains parallel to the boundary.
200
This is the reason Wegener's theory of continental drift was not accepted by his fellow scientist
What is: Because there was not a mechanism to move the continents. Wegener had not reasonable way to explain how the continents moved.
200
These are the energy released in an earthquake and cause the ground to move
What are seismic waves?
200
These are some characteristics of Shield Volcanoes
What is: They are the tallest, with a gentle slope. Form from lava flows that build up over time to form the mountain. They have quiet eruptions - meaning low viscosity, lava that flows easily. They are found on divergent boundaries and hot spots.
200
This is how sedimentary rocks form
What is: On the surface rocks and other material is weathered and forms sediments. Sediments are eroded and carried by wind and water. They are eventually deposited in larger bodies of water (lakes, seas, oceans). Over time more sediments pile up over them and bury the sediments. This causes the sediments to be compressed and cemented together.
200
This is where oceanic crust is most dense and why
What is: Oceanic crust is most dense near the coast of continents. This is because over time, the rock cools and becomes compacted due to the pressure of the ocean.
300
This explains the age difference between continental crust and oceanic crust.
What is: Continental crust is older (up to 3.5 billion years) and oceanic crust is younger (up to 200 million years). This is because oceanic crust is formed at divergent boundaries through sea-floor spreading, and is destroyed at convergent boundaries through subduction. This does not happen to continental crust.
300
This is the major reasons P and S waves differ
What is that P-waves travel faster than S-waves?
300
These are some characteristics of Cinder Cone Volcanoes
What is: These are the shortest, with steep slopes. Form from cinders (semi molten chunks of lava) that build up over time. They have more explosive eruptions. They are found on convergent boundaries.
300
This is how metamorphic rocks form and the two ways they are classified
What is: Metamorphic rocks are formed from other rocks deep in the crust that are exposed to heat and pressure. Foliated - have banding (stripes that go throughout) or flat sheets. Non-foliated have not pattern to them.
300
This is how Geologists classify rocks
What is based upon their texture, color, and mineral composition?
400
This is what happens at a continental/oceanic convergent boundary
What is: Crust is destroyed through subduction. There are also volcanoes and earthquakes occurring. When there is continental crust folded mountains form.
400
This is the theory of how earthquakes occur. As forces push and pull on the crust, energy is stored in the rock. Eventually it is too much for the rock and it breaks, releasing the seismic waves. The rock snaps back to its original shape.
What is the elastic rebound theory?
400
These are some characteristics of Composite Volcanoes
What is: They are medium in height, wide bases with steep summits. From from alternating layers of ash and lava. They are the most explosive eruptions. They are found on convergent boundaries.
400
This is the correct order of the Eras in geologic time- put the following in order from oldest to latest (Cenozoic Era, Precambrian Era, Mesozoic Era, Paleozoic Era)
What is: Precambrian Era Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era
400
This is how the Hawaiian Islands formed
What is: on a hot spot. A weak spot in the crust where magma reaches the surface. Over time it builds up and forms the islands. Over time the Pacific Plate moves off the hot spot and a new island starts to form.
500
This is what happens at a divergent boundary with oceanic crust
What is: new crust is formed through sea-floor spreading. There can also be volcanoes and earthquakes. When there is continental crust a rift valley forms along with volcanoes and earthquakes.
500
These are the three types of faults, how their hanging walls move relative to their footwall, and the stress that causes each type of fault
What is: Normal Fault: The hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. This is caused by tension force. Reverse Fault: The hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. This is caused by compression force. Strike-slip fault: The 2 sides of the fault slide past each other. This is caused by shear force.
500
This is what a composite or cinder cone volcano spews out during an eruption
What is a pyroclastic flow? --Ash, cinders, and bombs
500
Describe the rock cycle
What is: Any rock can become any other type of rock, depending on the conditions it is exposed to. This is the rock cycle. For example sedimentary rock can be formed when an another rock undergoes weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification. An igneous rock can be formed when another rock is heated, melted, and cools. A metamorphic rock can be formed when lots of heat and pressure are applied to a rock.
500
This is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
What is: Intrusive igneous rock forms from magma that cools inside the crust. Because it is insulated it cools more slowly, forming larger crystals. Extrusive igneous rock forms from lava that cools on the surface of the crust. Because it is exposed to air or water it cools quickly and has little or no crystals.
M
e
n
u