Tectonics
Rock Cycle
Volcanoes
Earth's Layers
Earthquakes
100
How does mantle convection affect the movement of tectonic plates?
Convection currents in the mantle create areas of rising and sinking material that move the plates.
100
Between the two pieces of oceanic crust, magma rises from below the mantle and cools. Which type of rock is formed?
Igneous
100
The Hawaiian Islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Plate, far from any plate boundaries. What process is responsible for their formation?
Mantle plume and hotspot activity (Hot spot)
100
Which of the following best describes the composition of the Earth’s mantle?
A. A rigid, solid layer of silicate rock
B. A liquid layer of molten metal
C. A semi-solid layer that flows slowly over time
D. A dense, solid inner core of iron and nickel
C. A semi-solid layer that flows slowly over time
100
Why are earthquakes common in regions where tectonic plates interact?
The buildup and release of stress from plate movements cause the ground to shake.
200
In what way does convection help to recycle Earth’s crust?
It brings melted mantle to the surface at mid-ocean ridges, and pushes older crust into subduction zones
200
A sedimentary rock is buried deep within the Earth and subjected to high heat and pressure. What type of rock will it likely become?
Metamorphic
200
What kind of volcano is it? A broad, gently sloping volcano formed from slow-moving lava flows.
shield volcano
200
Why are heavier metals like iron and nickel found in Earth’s core, while lighter elements like silicon and oxygen are more common in the crust?
As Earth cooled during its formation, lighter elements floated to the surface, while more dense materials sank towards the core
200
How do the properties of seismic P-waves and S-waves provide insight into the Earth’s interior structure?
S-waves do not travel through liquids, providing evidence of the Earth’s liquid outer core.
300
What geological feature is most likely to form at a transform boundary?
A fault line where earthquakes occur
300
Name an example of chemical weathering.
Answers will vary
300
Which factor most influences the type of eruption that a volcano will have?
The temperature of the magma
300
Oceanic crust is composed mainly of basalt. Continental crust is composed mainly of granite. Why does oceanic crust generally tend to subduct under continental crust when plates collide?
Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.
300
Explain the difference between an earthquake epicenter and focus.
The focus is the location inside of the earth where the earthquake starts.
The epicenter is the location on the surface of the earth above the focus.
400
Two oceanic plates are moving away from each other in opposite directions. What landform is being created?
A mid-ocean ridge (under the ocean) or rift valley (on land)
400
How does volcanic activity contribute to the formation of fertile soil?
Volcanic ash and lava weathers over time and releases nutrients into the soil.
400
If a volcano erupts with a high gas content in the magma, what type of eruption will most likely occur?
An explosive lava flow
400
Which layer of the soil horizon has the most organic matter?
O - stands for organic
400
Which seismic waves compress and expand rocks in the direction the waves travel?
P-Waves
500
What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift?
Matching fossils, mountain ranges, glacier evidence, and continent shape.
500
An incomplete diagram of the rock cycle is shown, which term should be placed in the boxes labeled 1, 2 and 3?
1. Sedimentary Rocks 2. Igneous Rocks 3. Metamorphic Rocks
500
How do large volcanic eruptions affect global climate?
Blocking sunlight with ash, leading to a cooling effect on Earth’s surface.
500
Identify the layer of Earth that is composed of tectonic plates and includes both the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
The Lithosphere
500
What is the name of the instrument used to detect and record earthquake waves?
Seismograph