Urban Environments
Total greenhouse gas emissions from activities within a city, driven by consumption, housing, transport, and industry
What is the urban carbon footprint?
The number of births per 1000 people in a specific population
What is the Crude Birth Rate?
initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of human and natural systems to climate change
Adaptation
attempts to preserve natural capacity, optimize resource use, and reduce loss through managing finite stocks and renewable flows
What is a Circular Economy?
Underused industrial buildings and land, which may be contaminated but have potential for redevelopment
What is a brownfield site?
Household-Hamlet-village-town-market town-city-megacity
What is the settlement hierarchy?
The use and management of resources that allow full natural replacement of the resources exploited and full recovery of the ecosystems affected by their extraction and use
What is Sustainability?
the variety of different types of life found on Earth or in a specific ecosystem
What is Biodiversity?
the hypothetical area of land (and water) required by a society, a group or an individual to fulfill all their resource needs and assimilate all their waste; measured in global hectares (gha)
What is an Ecological Footprint?
long-term decline in employment in the manufacturing sector of an economy
What is Deindustrialization?
Upper economic circuit, which is often foreign-owned and produces goods and services for the elites
What is the Formal Economy?
the global sum of all ecosystems; the closed system that holds all life on Earth
What is the Biosphere?
the technology of capturing greenhouse gas emissions from power stations and pumping them back into underground reservoirs
What is Carbon Capture and Sequestration?
countries that are economically dependent on the Core countries, also called LEDCs and LICs
What are the Periphery countries?
Dust particles that absorb water vapor
What are Hygroscopic particles?
urbanization-suburbanization- counter-urbanization -reurbanization
What is the HIC Urban Cycle?
The amount of incoming solar energy reflected back into the atmosphere by the Earth’s surface
What is Albedo?
The increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, as a result of human activities, and their impacts on atmospheric systems, including global warming
What is the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect?
Energy from Waste (EfW); method of energy production that taps into landfills to capture methane and other combustible gases to burn
What is Waste to Energy?
Heat is max at the city center plateau in the suburbs
What is the Urban Heat Island Effect?
The reinvestment of capital into inner-city areas
What is gentrification?
synthetic (man-made) ghg that is extremely efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere; produced from aerosol cans and is illegal in most developed countries now
What is ChloroFluoroCarbons?
destabilizing; will tend to amplify changes and drive the system toward a tipping point where a new equilibrium is adopted
What is a Positive Feedback Loop?
explains the lack of control over the way basic human resources are used
What is the Tragedy of the Commons?
Measures the congestion of traffic on different days of the week, ranging from 0 (best) to ten (worst)
What is the transport performance index?