Rock Cycle
What type of rock forms when magma cools and hardens?
Igneous rock
A force that builds up or adds new land is called what?
A constructive force
What was the name of the supercontinent that once held all of Earth's land?
Pangea
What is it called when a heavier plate sinks beneath another plate?
Subduction
In which layer of Earth do convection currents happen?
The mantle
Sand and mud settle in layers at the bottom of a lake and get packed together over thousands of years. What type of rock forms?
Sedimentary rock
Waves drop sand along the shore and build a brand new beach. Is this constructive or destructive, and which agent did it?
Constructive, water
Fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus are found in Africa, India, and Antarctica. Which type of evidence is this?
Matching fossils
What is convection?
Hot material rises, cools, and sinks, moving in a circular motion.
Wegener found matching rock layers in Brazil and West Africa. Which rock type forms in layers?
Sedimentary rock
Marble starts out as limestone. It gets heated and squeezed deep underground but never melts. What type of rock is marble?
Metamorphic rock
A chunk of cliff breaks off and crashes onto the road below in seconds. Give the force, agent, and speed.
Destructive, gravity, fast
Scratches from ancient glaciers are found in Brazil and Australia, two warm places today. Which type of evidence is this, and where were these continents once located?
Glacial evidence, they were once grouped together near the South Pole
Two plates pull apart and magma rises to fill the gap, forming new crust. Which boundary is this?
Divergent
The Andes are volcanic mountains along South America's coast with a deep trench just offshore. Which boundary formed them?
Convergent, ocean-continental
Rain, wind, and ice slowly break a boulder into tiny pieces. Which rock cycle process is this?
Weathering
Over many years, wind slowly piles sand into a giant dune. Give the force, agent, and speed.
Constructive, wind, slow
Wegener had strong evidence, but most scientists still rejected his idea. Why?
They could not imagine or explain a force big enough to move continents, and no one had ever observed continents moving.
Two plates grind sideways past each other, causing sudden earthquakes with no volcanoes nearby. Name the boundary and a famous California example.
Transform, the San Andreas Fault
Ancient glaciers left scratches in rock in India and Brazil. Which erosion agent made the scratches, and which type of Wegener's evidence are they?
Ice, glacial evidence
How could a metamorphic rock become a sedimentary rock?
The metamorphic rock breaks down into sediment. The sediment then gets pressed into new layers and becomes sedimentary rock.
A volcano builds a new island. A glacier carves out a valley. Which one is constructive, and why?
The volcano is constructive because it adds new land.
Glossopteris had seeds too heavy to blow across an ocean, but its fossils are found on five continents. What does this suggest?
The continents were once connected, so the plant could grow across the land.
Scientists find a deep trench and a curved chain of volcanic islands with no continent nearby. Which boundary made this, and what is sinking?
Convergent ocean-ocean, one oceanic plate is subducting under the other
Two continental plates collide and push up a mountain range. Is this a constructive or destructive force, and which boundary is it?
Constructive, convergent (continent-continent)