Causes of the 1848 Revolutions
the belief in natural rights guaranteed by a constitution and suffrage was
liberalism
Frankfurt
Prussia's civilian soldiers, before Bismarck's (Moltke's) transformation
Landwehr
The event that sparked the Franco-Prussian War was
the Ems Telegram
Realpolitik
Two effects of the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 in the German Confederation
Media could not discuss liberalism and nationalism
Political Groups and Universities were banned from hiring liberal or nationalist teachers and the subject were forbidden to be taught
A clear victory in the defeat of the revolutions of 1848 was an end to this conservative rule in the Germanic Confederation.
The Metternich System
How did Bismarck's Iron and Blood Speech win him favor with Wilhelm (William) I, the king of Prussia?
he was appointed Minister president and given the power to fund (through taxes) and train (both officers and infantry soldiers), which Wilhelm I supported
two reasons Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War
capture of Napoleon III, the French emperor
German technical and military strategies were superior, even if their weapons were not
Germany's superior industrialization including railways gave it the upper hand
the Prussian parliament
Landtag
list two key factors in the growth of nationalism in the German Confederation before 1848
celebrations of German art and literature through festivals
the growth of liberalism and the freedom to be German
the anti-French sentiment after the Napoleonic Empire
two specific failures of the Frankfurt Parliament
under-representation of the working and peasant classes
divisions over the organization of the new German state among the members
Frederick William IV's refusal to accept the crown because he would be a constitutional monarch & limited powers
Why do some historians agree that Bismarck wasn't a true nationalist?
His true goal was to unify Germany into ONE state, but under PRUSSIAN control
he received his crown from the victorious princes at Versailles
it was achieved through iron and blood (German nationalism)
he still retained absolute power in the new German reich
Palace where the 1st coronation of Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser
Versailles
Explain how the Zollverein both unified and divided the German Confederation members.
unified northern states that benefited from the economic growth
religious differences kept the southern Germanic states from trusting Prussia
Austria was always excluded and so divisions were evident between Prussia and its allies and Austria and its allies
Prussia backed down at Olmutz, and ended the Erfurt Union because
when threatened by the power of the Austria army backed by Russia, the Prussians new it would be a loss
Bismarck had created an extra layer of tensions with the co-governing of the two territories
Prussia knew that the other European powers would not intervene in a war for German nationalism (France, Russia, England)
list two successes of Liberals in Germany by 1871
increased male suffrage
a written national and multiple state constitutions
Hohenzollern
List 3 of the 4 direct causes of the 1848 Revolutions in the Germanic Confederation
starvation, due to not enough food or jobs
unemployment and urbanization in the cities
the struggle for suffrage by the middle class
the rise of radicalism and revolution from the French Revolutions of the 1830s and 1840s
the term for the Zollverein's economic exclusion of Austria was called __ and why did it occur?
Kleindeutschland
Austria was an empire (too many cultures), most of its people were farmers (no economic growth to contribute), government was unstable (needed Russia's help)
at the end of the Austro-Prussian War the first organization of a unified German state was created called
the North German Confederation
What was the key difference between Bismarck and the members of the Reichstag in 1871?
the members of the Reichstag were voted into office and answered to their voters (constituents)
Bismarck was the imperial chancellor and did not answer to voters only the king.
name the Prussian General who trained and commanded the Prussian army under the directions of Bismarck
Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke