Lecture 11
ocean circulation
ocean circulation
Lecture 12
ENSO
ENSO
Lecture 14
Waves
Waves
Miscellaneous
100
The movement of cold deep nutrient-rich water to the surface that increases primary productivity.
What is upwelling?
100
When a warm water current develops around Christmas Time, and brings more rain to South America
What is El Niño?
100
What is the crest of a wave?
the high parts of the wave
100
How do storms strengthen?
Evaporation from warm surface waters releases latent heat. This hidden energy that is released drives the circulation of the storm, creating a positive feedback loop that will continue until the warm water source is gone.
200
Who is Wallace S. Broecker?
The oceanographer who proposed the idea of the Global Ocean Conveyer belt.
200
Does southern oscillation index measure measure atmospheric or oceanic fluctuation in pressure?
Atmospheric!
El Niño measures 3.4 index
200
Large sea waves from the sudden movement of the sea floor during a submarine earthquake, landslide, or submarine explosion.
How do tsunamis form?
200
Name one method of measuring salintiy
evaporation, tools
300
What is the difference between surface and deep ocean currents?
wind driven vs. density driven
(Ocean water movement)
300
Will climate change make El Niño and La Niña stronger?
Inconclusive, but related rainfall is expected to increase, because warmer air holds more moisture.
300
The length of uninterrupted ocean over which a wind blows.
(one of the two factors that influence a fully developed sea)
What is Fetch?
300
What is the average ph of the ocean
*bonus for extra 100*- what is the average salinity
8.5!
35ppt!
400
Ocean currents driven by winds, that begin at a 45o angle and lessen as they descend the water column.
What is the Ekman spiral phenomenon?
400
When trade winds push some warm near-surface ocean water to the west.
Warm air rises, makes clouds and precipitation.
Dryer air travels along top of troposphere to eastern Pacific to close the loop
As water is pushed from east to west, major upwelling occurs in eastern Pacific off South America
What are neutral, walker circulation cell conditions?
400
A wave that gently slopes over the seafloor, the wave's energy dissipates over a long distance.
What is spilling breaker
400
What three properties do hydrogen bonding and polarity give to water?
- Universal solvent
- surface tension
- thermal properties
500
Sketch and label the process of upwelling.
500
Five effects of ENSO warm phase (El Niño)
(get at least three to get the points)
Damages corals, flattens thermocline, decreases primary productivity, increases tropical cyclones in eastern pacific, increases rainfall over South America.
500
Sketch the difference between Longitudinal, Transverse, and Orbital waves.
Clarify which are body and which are surface waves.
500
Name the four necessary conditions needed to form hurricanes
- warm water
- atmospheric cooling
- low vertical wind shear
- pre-existing weather disterbance