A
Around the year 1000, Europe consisted of numerous kingdoms and independent states, can you tell four of them?
Despite the division of territory, there were some features that unified Europe, which ones?
-Christianity was the mayor religion
-Trade ensure communication and exchange between religion
-Social structures were generally the same
Define "ceremony of homage"
Ceremony in which the vassal promised his lord personal loyalty and military assistance
Define: PLOTS OF LAND
Part of the fief. Where the lord allowed the peasants to work in exchange for rent. The rent could be payed in the form of money, products or services
Define "STATE"
Social group in Middle Ages. People were born into a particular social group and belonged to that group for life.
Complete the sentence: "to gain the loyalty of the nobility (and their help!), the monarchs created _______________ (2 words) with their members. These are the basis of feudal society".
personal ties
Define: SERF
Define VASSAL
Noble that put himself under the protection of other noble or the king/queen
That feudal lords enforced justice and levied taxes
+ the peasantry had to pay for the use of the mill, the press and the oven
+the lord also charged merchants when they crossed his fief and bridges
Explain the privileged classes in feudal society.
They made up of: the nobility, who went to war and defended the kingdom and the clergy, who were dedicated to prayer.
They were a small sector of the population and enjoyed many privileges (didn't pay taxes, possessed most of the land and had great power)
During the 9th and the 10th centuries, monarchs had little effective power, why? name 4 reasons
-royal armies were small
-the borders of kingdoms were unstable
-monarchs lacked the power to collect taxes
Define: PACT OF VASSALAGE
Define FIEF
Define: TOLL and PONTAGE
Explain the non-privileged classes of feudal society.
They were organised according to their jobs: the peasants were the majority of the population, the artisans made up a small section of society.
Their function was to work to maintain the nobility and the clergy. They had to pay taxes and had few rights.
Can you explain why in the 9th and the 10th centuries a "network of feudal ties" were created?
Because everybody needed protection, so this ties connected the nobility with the monarchy and the peasants with their lords
The FIEF was divided in two partes, name them
Demesne (=reserva señorial) and Plots of land (=mansos)
Define: DEMESNE
Part of the fief. For the use of the lord. It included the castle, the farmland, meadows (=prados) and forests.
Complete: "feudal society was very _______. It was divided into _________."
Define: CRUSADE
Military expeditions to recover to Holy Land from the muslims. There were 8 crusades.
Define: ROMANESQUE ART
First international European art (11th and 12th centuries); it was religious and had both an educational and a religious purpose
Name 4 characteristics of Romanesque art
-Architecture: built mainly churches, cathedrals, monasteries
-Main material: stone
-Latin cross shape in churches, semi-circular arch (=arco de medio punto), barrel-vaults (bóvedas de cañón)
-Painting and sculpture: subordinated to the building, in "fresco wall paintings" figures arranged in a hierarchy, have a black outline, no landscapes, colours are bright
Define MINIATURE
Small illustrations in books
What can you tell about the "Camino de Santiago"?
Way of pilgrimage
Connected people and ideas
Very unsecure
End in Santiago de Compostela
One example of romanesque art?
Saint Sernin de Toulouse Church (France)
Saint Martín de Frómista Church (Palencia, Spain)
Saint Vincent of Tahull (Lérida, Spain)
Saint Domingo de Silos (Burgos, Spain)