BIOLOGY
What pigment gives human skin, hair, and eyes their colour?
Melanin
Which element is the most abundant in Earth's atmosphere by volume?
Nitrogen (approx. 78%)
According to Einstein's equation E = mc2, what physical quantity does "c" represent?
Speed of light in a vacuum
What mathematical theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, a2 + b2 = c2?
Pythagorean Theorem
What is the smallest independent country in the world by both area and population?
Vatican City
Which four nitrogenous bases make up DNA molecules?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
What gas is released when alkali metals react vigorously with water?
Hydrogen gas (H2)
What is the primary method of heat transfer through a fluid medium caused by density differences?
Convection
What is the value of 5 factorial (5!)?
120
What linguistic term refers to a word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same backward as forward?
Palindrome
Which part of the human brain controls balance, coordination, and fine motor skills?
Cerebellum
What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process?
Catalyst
Which of Newton's laws states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?
Newton's Third Law of Motion
What geometry term describes a line segment that touches a curve at a single point without crossing it?
Tangent
In which year did the Titanic sink?
1912
What cell division process results in four genetically distinct daughter cells with half the chromosome count of the parent cell?
Meiosis
What element has the highest electronegativity value on the Pauling scale?
Fluorine
What elementary particle is considered the quantum of electromagnetic radiation?
Photon
What term describes a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself?
Prime number
Which author wrote the epic fantasy series The Lord of the Rings?
J.R.R. Tolkien
What is the name of the light-sensitive enzyme complex that regulates circadian rhythms in response to blue light exposure?
Melanopsin
What organic chemistry reaction converts an ester into an alcohol and a carboxylate salt using an aqueous base?
Saponification
What effect describes the change in wave frequency relative to an observer moving relative to the source?
Doppler Effect
What field of mathematics studies the properties of geometric shapes that are preserved under continuous deformations?
Topology
In which year did World War II end?
1945