Anatomy and Function
What are the two types of digestion in the GI tract?
Mechanical and Chemical
At what age is exclusive breastfeeding recommended until?
6 months
What is the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis in infants?
Rotavirus
What condition is characterized by a cleft in the lip and/or palate?
Cleft lip and cleft palate
What test confirms Celiac Disease?
Small bowel biopsy following positive tTG-IgA test
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorbs water and forms stool for elimination
What is the first solid food typically introduced to infants?
Iron-fortified cereal
What are "currant jelly" stools a sign of?
Intussusception
Which defect involves herniation without a sac and exposure to amniotic fluid?
Gastroschisis
What imaging is used to diagnose intussusception?
Ultrasound (target sign); may also use air/barium enema
What is peristalsis?
Muscular movement that propels food through the GI tract
What is physiologic anorexia in toddlers?
Decreased appetite due to slowed growth; normal if child is healthy/growing
What GI disorder causes projectile vomiting and hunger after vomiting?
Pyloric stenosis
What is the primary danger of biliary atresia if untreated?
Liver failure and death by age 2
What post-op priority is most important after cleft palate repair?
Protect airway and surgical site; no suction in mouth
What enzyme begins digestion in the mouth?
Salivary amylase
What is the "5-2-1-0" guideline for healthy kids?
5 fruits/veggies, 2 hrs screen time, 1 hr activity, 0 sugary drinks daily
What condition is steatorrhea is associated with?
Celiac Disease
What GI defect involves absence of ganglion cells and causes bowel obstruction?
Hirschsprung Disease
What is the first treatment step for pyloric stenosis?
Rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalance before surgery
What do hyperactive vs hypoactive bowel sounds indicate?
Hyperactive: diarrhea/early obstruction; Hypoactive/absent: ileus or late obstruction
What are signs that a baby is ready for solid foods?
Head control, no tongue thrust, can sit with support, teething
What is the cause of diarrhea in bacterial gastroenteritis?
Inflammation and fluid secretion from infection (e.g., Salmonella, E. coli)
What procedure treats biliary atresia by connecting the liver to the intestines?
Kasai procedure (hepatic portoenterostomy)
What are the phases of nutritional treatment for Short Bowel Syndrome?
1. TPN, 2. Enteral feeds, 3. Oral feeding, 4. Growth & development support