Immigration & Urban Life
This 1882 law was motivated primarily by nativist sentiment and restricted immigration from Asia.
What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?
This business strategy used by Andrew Carnegie involved controlling every step of production.
What is vertical integration?
This New York City political boss controlled elections by exchanging favors for votes.
Who is William “Boss” Tweed?
This economic philosophy relies on supply and demand, not government, to regulate the economy.
What is laissez-faire?
He invented the telephone, transforming communication forever.
Who is Alexander Graham Bell?
In the early 1860s, Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. largely to work on this major project.
What is the Transcontinental Railroad?
The two railroads that connected the nation by meeting at Promontory Point, Utah.
What are the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads?
Political machines provided housing and jobs in exchange for this.
What are votes?
This philosophy applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human society and business.
What is Social Darwinism?
His laboratory in Menlo Park produced the light bulb and phonograph.
Who is Thomas Edison?
Late 19th-century Chinese immigrants mainly entered the U.S. through this West Coast processing center.
What is Angel Island?
This scandal involved Union Pacific executives overcharging their own railroad company to pocket profits.
What is the Crédit Mobilier scandal?
Passed after President Garfield’s assassination, this act established a professional civil service.
What is the Pendleton Act?
What was the main goal of labor unions such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor (AFL) during the late 1800s?
To improve working conditions, raise wages, and reduce working hours for laborers.
Industrialization improved the standard of living and allowed Americans to do more of this in their free time.
What is spend money on entertainment?
Most immigrants traveled to America in this section of steamships, known for poor conditions.
What is steerage?
This advantage allowed large corporations to outcompete small businesses.
What is producing goods more cheaply and efficiently?
This reform movement applied Christian ethics to social issues in cities.
What is the Social Gospel movement?
How did the federal government usually respond to strikes and labor unrest in the late 1800s, such as the Pullman Strike?
The government often sided with business owners, using court orders or troops to end strikes and limit union activity.
This innovation in business organization allowed the accumulation of large amounts of investment capital.
What is the corporation (or stock system)?
Many urban immigrants lived in these crowded, unsanitary apartment buildings.
What are tenements?
What was the main purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act passed by Congress in 1890?
To limit the power of monopolies and trusts by making it illegal to interfere with free trade or competition.
What was the main purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
To make sure government jobs were given based on merit, not political connections.
In the Gilded Age, many reformers saw this as the main source of corruption in both government and business.
What is the influence of monopolies and money in politics?
Rockefeller used this strategy to build his oil empire.
What is horizontal integration?