The Industrialization Mechanics
This 1850s technological breakthrough allowed for the mass production of high-quality steel , directly enabling the construction of the transcontinental railroad and the first skyscrapers
The Bessemer Process
This business strategy involves a company taking over its suppliers and distributors (like Andrew Carnegie’s steel company ) to gain total control over the production process
Vertical integration
This 1886 Chicago protest turned violent after a bomb exploded, leading to public associations between unions and radicalism or anarchism.
Haymarket Riot?
This muckraker wrote a scathing exposé titled The History of Standard Oil , which helped lead to the breakup of Rockefeller’s monopoly.
Ida Tarbel
These three political reforms allowed citizens to bypass legislatures to propose laws, vote on laws, or remove corrupt officials.
Initiative, referendum, and recall
This inventor established the first industrial research laboratory at Menlo Park , where he developed a system of organized innovation that produced the lightbulb and the phonograph
Thomas Edison
This term describes a legal arrangement where a small group of people (trustees) manages the stock of several companies as if they were one, often resulting in a monopoly
A trust?
Unlike the "Old Immigrants" from Northern Europe , "New Immigrants" often settled in crowded, low-cost housing units known as these.
Tenements?
Jane Addams was a pioneer of this movement, which established community centers in immigrant neighborhoods to provide social services.
The settlement house movement?
Ratified in 1913, the 17th Amendment shifted power to the people by mandating this change for the U.S. Senate.
The direct election of senators?
This economic philosophy, famously championed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations , argued that a market economy functions best with minimal government interference.
Laissez-faire
While some called them "Robber Barons" , Andrew Carnegie argued in his "Gospel of Wealth" that the rich had a moral duty to practice this giving back to society through libraries and universities.
philanthropy
This leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) focused on "pure and simple" unionism, seeking better wages and hours through collective bargaining.
Samuel Gompers?
This investigative novel by Upton Sinclair was intended to highlight worker exploitation but resulted in the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
The Jungle
This 1913 act created a central banking system to manage the national money supply and provide economic stability.
The Federal Reserve Act
To maximize efficiency, companies like Ford later used this method of manufacturing where workers perform a specific task repeatedly as parts move along a track.
assembly line?
John D. Rockefeller used this strategy to acquire or merge with nearly all his competitors in the oil industry to create Standard Oil
horizontal integration?
This photojournalist’s book, How the Other Half Lives , used flash photography to expose the horrific living conditions of the urban poor.
Jacob Riis?
Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of distinguishing between "good trusts" and "bad trusts" to protect the public interest was known by this term.
Trust busting
This tragic 1911 industrial disaster led to a massive push for municipal reform and stricter workplace safety regulations.
Triangle Shirtwaist fire
This communication device, patented by Alexander Graham Bell , revolutionized the speed of business transactions, surpassing the older telegram
Telephone
This pseudoscientific theory applied "survival of the fittest" to human society to justify the vast concentration of wealth and the lack of social welfare.
Social Darwinism?
This 1882 law was the first significant federal legislation to restrict immigration based on a specific nationality.
Chinese Exclusion Act
This radical leader of the National Woman’s Party used picketing and hunger strikes to pressure the government into passing the 19th Amendment
Alice Paul
This 1883 law attempted to end the "spoils system" by requiring that many federal jobs be filled based on merit rather than political patronage.
What is the Pendleton Act