Locke
According to Locke, which of the following is an "inalienable" natural right?
a) The right to vote
b) The right to own land
c) The right to life, liberty, and property
d) The right to govern others
c) The right to life, liberty, and property
According to Hobbes, what was the condition of life in the “state of nature”?
a) Peaceful and harmonious
b) Equal and cooperative
c) Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
d) Safe and secure
c) Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
According to Rousseau, what was the primary cause of inequality, murder, and war?
a) The natural state of humans
b) The establishment of private property
c) The creation of governments
d) The influence of religion
b) The establishment of private property
What does the term state of nature refer to?
a) A time when laws and government exist to maintain order.
b) A time when people are free to do whatever they want, with no laws or authority.
c) A time when only the strongest people rule over others.
d) A time when people form governments to protect their natural rights.
b) A time when people are free to do whatever they want, with no laws or authority.
What did Galileo use to make his astronomical discoveries?
a) A microscope
b) A telescope
c) A magnifying glass
d) A measuring tool
b) A telescope
What was Locke’s view on the power of the king in government?
a) The king should have absolute power to govern
b) The king should have the power to decide all laws
c) The king should have the power to control the economy
d) The king should only act to protect the natural rights of the people
d) The king should only act to protect the natural rights of the people
What did Hobbes believe was necessary to escape the chaos of the “state of nature”?
a) A group of religious leaders to provide guidance
b) The creation of a supreme power to impose peace
c) A council of the people to create laws
d) A democratic government with checks and balances
b) The creation of a supreme power to impose peace
In Rousseau's view, what is the social contract?
a) A fraud committed by the rich to maintain control over the common people
b) An agreement between the people and a king to protect natural rights
c) A voluntary agreement to give up all rights to a sovereign king
d) A way to establish laws that favor the wealthy
a) A fraud committed by the rich to maintain control over the common people
What is an implied agreement?
a) An agreement that is written down and signed by both parties.
b) An agreement that is forced upon individuals by the government.
c) A verbal agreement made between two people in a formal setting.
d) An agreement that is understood based on actions or behavior, even if not spoken.
d) An agreement that is understood based on actions or behavior, even if not spoken.
Which of the following was one of Galileo’s discoveries published in Starry Messenger?
a) The moon had no surface
b) The Earth was the center of the universe
c) Jupiter had four moons
d) The stars were made of a perfect substance
c) Jupiter had four moons
What did Locke believe people had the right to do if a sovereign violated their natural rights?
a) Accept the rule of the king without protest
b) Revolt and establish a new government
c) Leave the country and form a new society
d) Work with the king to resolve the issue peacefully
b) Revolt and establish a new government
In Hobbes’ theory, what did people give up in the social contract?
a) Their right to property
b) Their right to vote
c) Their ability to speak freely
d) Their natural rights of equality and freedom
d) Their natural rights of equality and freedom
What does Rousseau mean by the "general will"?
a) The will of elected representatives
b) The will of a monarch or ruler
c) The collective will of the people that directs the laws for the public good
d) The will of the religious leaders in a society
c) The collective will of the people that directs the laws for the public good
What is meant by natural rights?
a) Basic rights every person is born with, such as the right to life, liberty, and property.
b) Rights that are granted by the government to its citizens.
c) Rights given only to certain groups of people based on their social status.
d) Rights that are given to people after they enter into a social contract.
a) Basic rights every person is born with, such as the right to life, liberty, and property.
Why did the Catholic Church oppose Galileo’s support for Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
a) Because it contradicted the teachings of Aristotle
b) Because it supported the belief in a flat Earth
c) Because it questioned the role of religion in astronomy
d) Because it contradicted church teachings about the universe
d) Because it contradicted church teachings about the universe
What did Locke consider the most important natural right?
a) Property
b) The right to life
c) Freedom of speech
d) The right to religious freedom
a) Property
According to Hobbes, what form of government was best for maintaining peace and order?
a) A democracy with elected representatives
b) A government led by a group of wise philosophers
c) A government headed by a king with absolute power
d) A government where the people held ultimate power
c) A government headed by a king with absolute power
How did Rousseau envision the form of government that would protect liberty and equality?
a) A monarchy with a powerful king
b)A representative democracy where elected officials make laws
c) A direct democracy where all people vote on laws
d) A dictatorship led by a military leader
c) A direct democracy where all people vote on laws
What is a sovereign?
a) A group of people that govern a country through democracy.
b) A ruler or leader who has the highest authority or power in a country or area.
c) A council that helps the government make decisions.
d) A type of government where power is shared between branches.
b) A ruler or leader who has the highest authority or power in a country or area.
What was the outcome for Galileo after he was tried by the Catholic Church in 1633?
a) He was executed for heresy
b) He was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life
c) He was forced to flee to another country
d) He was praised by the Church for his discoveries
b) He was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life
Who did Locke believe should be allowed to vote in government elections?
a) All adult citizens
b) Only adult male property owners
c) Only people with higher education
d) Only people with religious authority
b) Only adult male property owners
What did Hobbes advise regarding the role of the church in government?
a) The church should be completely separate from government
b) The church should have more power than the king
c) The church should become a department of the king’s government
d) The church should govern all religious matters independently
c) The church should become a department of the king’s government
What was Rousseau's stance on religion and the state?
a) Religion divided and weakened the state, so he favored a "civil religion"
b) Religion should be embraced as part of the state's structure
c) Religion should be separate from the state entirely
d) Religion should control all political decisions
a) Religion divided and weakened the state, so he favored a "civil religion"
What is despotism?
a) A government where power is divided between the people and elected representatives.
b) A system of government where one ruler has complete and absolute power, often using cruelty.
c) A system where people vote directly on all decisions and laws.
d) A form of government where citizens have complete control over the law-making process.
b) A system of government where one ruler has complete and absolute power, often using cruelty.
What did Isaac Newton believe about the universe?
a) It was governed by random events
b) It functioned like a giant clock, with all parts working together according to mathematical principles
c) It was a chaotic system with no order
d) It was controlled by divine intervention at all times
b) It functioned like a giant clock, with all parts working together according to mathematical principles