Renaissance
What does the term "Renaissance" mean?
Cultural Rebirth.
List 4 key religious movements in Europe during the 1500s.
Protestant Reformation, Calvinism, English Reformation, and the Catholic Reformation.
What is meant by predestination and who developed this belief as part of their religious movement?
Predestination is that God decided on whether not humans’ would receive salvation long ago. John Calvin.
Define secularism.
Religious skepticism or indifference. Focused on the here and now.
List 4 causes to the Renaissance starting in Italy.
Increased trade and cultural diffusion due to Mongols having control of Silk Road
Black Death led to people questioning beliefs and values
Petrarch started rediscovery movement of old Roman texts
Medici family was a really rich family in Florence who heavily funded the Arts
Printing Press led to spread of Renaissance ideas and more people learning how to read
Why Italy? Home of Rome, trading was huge, merchants had much power and stressed learning
What was Martin Luther's major issue with the Roman Catholic Church?
The sale of indulgences (forgiveness of sins)
What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?
To shape political boundaries in Europe and princes establishing religious beliefs of communities. Essentially formally divided up Europe by religious affiliation.
What the purpose of the Council of Trent?
Created by Pope Paul III to meet to discuss changes that need to be made in the Roman Catholic Church
Define the Scientific Method.
Involves interest in solving a problem, making a hypothesis, doing experiments, observing the data gathered, to then develop knowledge and discover the truth.
Define individualism.
Focus on individual rather than God and crowds of people in Renaissance Art and Literature
List 3 key artists during the Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci, Michaelangelo, Raphael, and Donatello.
How did the Roman Catholic Church immediately respond to Martin Luther's protest?
Excommunicated him. Holy Emperor Charles V tried to get him to give up on his views, and then declared him and anyone providing him with food and shelter an outlaw.
How did Elizabeth I positively impact England?
Adopted compromise to allow both Catholic and Protestants to exist in England, which led to England escaping the kinds of religious wars that tore apart other European States during the 1500’s
Why is Ignatius of Loyola a significant figure in the Catholic Reformation?
Founded new religious order in which Jesuits strived to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith throughout Europe
What is the difference between the geocentric theory and the heliocentric theory?
Heliocentric Theory developed by Copernicus, confirmed by Galileo using the telescope the Earth revolved around the sun
Went against Geocentric theory held by the Catholic Church that the Sun revolved around Eart
Define classicism.
Study of and revival of Ancient/Classic Greek and Roman humanities subjects
List 2 key arguments listed in Machiavelli's The Prince.
Leaders should focus Military, Rules, and Discipline
It is Better for leaders to be Feared Than Loved
What was the Ninety-Five Theses?
Martin Luther's 95 gripes against the Roman Catholic Church, focusing heavily on the sale of indulgences, which was posted on his local church's door and then became widespread via the printing press.
What issue did King Henry VIII of England have with the Roman Catholic Church?
The Roman Catholic Church having the power to decide whether or not a marriage can be cancelled rather than the people who are part of the relationship.
List 2 key details about the Inquisition.
a group of institutions within the Catholic Church investigate people who did not follow Catholic Church’s beliefs and values.
They banned books with ideas that conflict.
They punished those who did not follow.
How did Galileo confirm Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
Galileo used a telescope to prove the Earth revolved around the sun
Define humanism.
Devotion to the humanities (Art, Language, Literature, Philosophy, and History)
What is meant by the following quote that is tied to Machiavelli's The Prince?: "The end justifies the means."
Whatever it takes to accomplish what needs to be done to rule effectively regardless of how cruel the process may be
Which 2 key groups did Martin Luther's protest appeal to?
1. German Rulers wanting power: Would have been tough for Luther to be protected and spread movement without support of any one powerful.
2. Appeal to poor people: Make up a huge portion of population.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
Made ruler supreme head of Church of England. Increased power of the monarchy in England.
List 1 similarity between the beliefs of Martin Luther and the Roman Catholic Church during the Catholic Reformation.
Luther and the Catholic Reformation both believed in punishing Jews
Why did Galileo give up on his observations confirming the heliocentric theory?
Galileo claimed the heliocentric theory was false when he was put on trial by the Inquisition for heresy