Pre-History, River Valley & Classical Civilizations
Colosseum
The belief in many gods
Polytheism
The name of a religious revolution that challenged the Catholic Church and led to the further division of Christianity
Protestant Reformation (1500s)
A document or physical object that was written or created by someone during the time period being studied
Primary Source
Rigid social hierarchy based on skin color in ancient India
Caste System
Populations settled near rivers in order to have access to this, which allowed people to grow crops and farm for food
Fertile Land
The belief in one god
Monotheism
Political system of land ownership in which serfs are allowed to live on the land of their lord in return for their service
Feudalism
A document created after the time period being studied; was written/created using primary sources
Secondary Source
Confucianism
This early river valley civilization was located near the Tigris and Euphrates River; its notable achievements were the invention of a writing system called cuneiform and a written code of laws
Mesopotamia (Sumer)
This religion's moral and ethical code of conduct is composed of 5 "pillars" which emphasize the importance of faith, prayer, charity, pilgrimage, and fasting
Islam
The exchange of plants, animals, people, ideas, diseases, and technology between the "Old World" and the "New World" as a result of exploration and colonization
The Columbian Exchange
These people study the Earth's surface and its impact on humans
Geographers
Independent, self-governing cities; existed in places like Mesopotamia and Greece
City-States
The name of the 200-year Golden Age of Rome in which there was extensive trade and great achievements in art, literature, math, and science
The idea that after humans die their souls are reborn into another body
Reincarnation
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule
The Crusades
An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest
Artifact
The first laws ever to be written and recorded; emphasized retribution "an eye for an eye"
Code of Hammurabi
The shift from hunting and gathering, nomadic civilizations to settled, agricultural based societies; characterized by the development of villages, complex class systems, government, and job specialization as well as the domestication of plants and animals
Neolithic Revolution
The teachings of Siddhartha Gautama which said that life is full of suffering, but suffering ends when desire ends; one can obtain enlightenment through good behavior (karma), wisdom, and meditation
Buddhism
During the Middle Ages this foundational institution served as a central hub for people to socialize and gather
Church
An expert who studies the past by examining objects (artifacts) that people have left behind
Archaeologist
Name of the ancient civilization in India that is credited with major advancements in urban planning
Indus River Valley Civilization