Global I Review
What was the Age of Exploration?
1400s-1700s, seeking a greater share of the rich Asian spice trade, Europeans began to make oceanic voyages
*other right answers are possible
What continents did the Ottoman Empire cover at its largest size?
Parts of Asia, Africa, and Middle East
What was the Tokugawa Shogunate?
-ruling power/government of Japan around 1600
-ruler was called a Shogun
-brought peace, stability, and isolation to Japan
What was the Enlightenment?
A European cultural and intellectual movement from 1600s-1700s that emphasized using scientific reasoning to understand the world and individualism rather than royal tradition and religion. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
What was the French Revolution?
The French Revolution was a period of time in France when the people overthrew the monarchy and took control of the government. The French Revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It began on July 14, 1789 when revolutionaries stormed a prison called the Bastille.
Who explored during the Age of Exploration?
European Countries!
-Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French all explored and competed for colonies in Asia, the Americas, and Africa
What was the dominant religion of the Ottoman empire?
Islam
Describe Japan's geography
group of mountainous islands (an archipelago)
Identify Montesquieu's most well known idea and publication
Separation of Powers: that the power of government should be divided, so that not one person or group of people had all of the power to make decisions
Book: The Spirit of the Laws
What was the government structure of France before/at the start of the French Revolution?
Monarchy characterized by hereditary rule
The Bourbon Dynasty family was in power; Louis XVI was king and his wife was Marie Antionette
What was the impact of the Age of Exploration?
-These interactions had a great global impact as food, people, plants, animals, technology, and diseases passed and were traded from continent to continent
What lead the Ottoman Empire to decline?
-the natural resources that were traded and boosted its economy up were found in other parts of the world, making it loose its value and boosted trade competition
-European empires/countries started to take land back from Ottomans
How did Japan's geography impact its policies?
-Made it easier to be isolated
-Port access would have made it easy for trade
Identify Locke's most well known idea and publication
Natural Rights: He believed that all humans are born with the right to life, liberty, and ownership of property
Book: Two Treatises of Government
Describe the 3 Estates
First Estate: Clergy
-considered highest on the social ladder -possessed an enormous amount of power -made up .5% of the population -owned 10% of all the land in France *Not required to pay taxes*
Second Estate: Nobles
-made up 1.5% of the population -the richest of the nobility held top jobs in government, army, courts *Not required to pay taxes*
Third Estate: 98% of the population
Top-BOURGEOISIE-middle class -bankers-merchants-lawyers-doctors-journalists-professors Middle-PEASANTS-9/10 people in class Bottom-CITY WORKERS overworked and underpaid objected the most to the living conditions & politics in Fr became known as the sans culottes because of the way they dressed and their support for the French Revolution **REQUIRED TO PAY TAXES**
What is feudalism?
a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return
How did the Ottoman Empire treat people who were foreign/not Muslim?
Preferential treatment was given to Muslims, while other groups of people had to pay taxes. Christian males were forced to join Ottoman army.
What was the Edict of 1635?
It ordered the closing of Japan's borders (aka ports) to outsiders and put policies in place making it nearly impossible (discouraging) Japanese people to leave the country in order to maintain peace, prosperity and order in the shogunate.
Identify Rousseau's most well known idea and publication
Social Contract Theory: That laws are only binding and meaningful if made with mutual consent between people and their government
How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?
The Revolution was based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Philosophers of the Enlightenment, known as philosophes, favored limited monarchy, freedom of speech, and equality.
Describe social mobility in feudal society
-People weren't educated unless they were nobles or even maybe only a part of the church, so the ability to promote to a better job was difficult if possible at all
-Monarchs ruled through hereditary power, so only sons and daughters of kings and queens could rule
-Not much room for social mobility to move to different social class
The Ottoman Empire originated from the area now known as which modern day country?
Turkey
It helped the Japanese government consolidate and maintain power by setting up check points
Contextualize the enlightenment. What are 2 of the 3 movements that contributed to the enlightenment occurring in Europe at the time in which it happened?
The Enlightenment grew out of the Renaissance, Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. Like all of these other movements, much Enlightenment thinking challenged accepted beliefs. Enlightenment philosophers wanted to use the ideas and reason of the Scientific Revolution for problems in government and society.
What are the 4 Stages of the French Revolution?
National Assembly
Radical
The Directory
Age of Napoleon