The Universe
Heliocentric Theory
The idea that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun. This was Copernicus's idea.
The French philosopher who was educated at a Jesuit college and questioned all assumptions before accepting them
RENE DESCARTES
Who was Jean- Jacques Rousseau?
Liberalism: willingness to change ideas, policies, and proposals to solve current problems & belief on emphasis of individual rights. Civilization corrupted natural goodness. Direct democracy. Give up certain freedoms for the common good. The Social Contract. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens.
Maria Theresa's heir, eliminated serfdom.
JOSEPH II
In 1700's with the influence of enlightenment artists and architects changed their style into more elegant, and took ideas from classic Greece and Rome
NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
An Italian Scientist to built on the new theories about astronomy. He built a telescope. He published a book called Starry Messenger.
GALILEO GALILEI
Intellectual movement in the mid 1700s that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.
ENLIGHTENMENT
Social events in which intellects met to discuss ideas in the drawing rooms of the wealthy women of Paris. Banned from the Church.
SALONS
Sought to reform Russia and was looked up to by philosophes (commission, serfdom, Poland). Supported freeing serfs until a peasant rebellion. She expanded their territory.
CATHERINE II
What is Absolutism?
The king has unlimited power that comes from divine right
The idea that the Earth is the center of the universe. (That the moon, sun and planets revolve around the Earth.) This idea came from Aristotle.
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
All men are born good, independent, and equal. It is your actions that determine fate. Favored self government. Purpose of government is to protect life, liberty, and property.
JOHN LOCKE
What did Diderot create?
A large set of books created from the contributions of essays and articles from leading scholars (1751). Banned from the Church.
Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man AND Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Reaction to French Constitution & Rousseau's idea of education. Educational reform (medicine, politics). Nature vs. nurture of appearance decisions. Speaking out without sounding "masculine".
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
Who introduced smallpox vaccine?
EDWARD JENNER
A great scientist, helped bring together the breakthroughs under a single theory of motion. He published a book called The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. -Theory of motion
-Helped to bring together, Bacon and Descartes-He's breakthroughs under the theory of motion.
ISSAC NEWTON
Who was Voltaire?
Used satire against opponents. Targeted clergy, aristocracy, and government. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.
Absolute monarchs embracing the ideas of the Enlightenment was called this.
ENGLIGHTENED DESPOTS
What is a social contract?
The ideas that people give up their rights to a govt
Who ended slavery in England.
WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
Francis Bacon
The English philosopher who rejected deducing knowledge from self-evidence principles and instead argued that only through observation and repeatable experiments can theories be built.
He wanted political liberty. Britain was the best-governed and political balanced.
Separation of power: division of power among different branches.
Checks and balances: "power should be a check on power".
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU
Called himself the "servant of the state". Freedom of religion reformed schools and justice system
FREDRICK II
What are Natural Rights?
Life, liberty, and property