Wildcard
The Belt & Road Initiative is not only an infrastructure program but also a tool for shaping norms, trade rules, and governance in partner countries, illustrating China’s use of what type of power in Nye’s framework?
What is institutional power? (Will accept soft power as well - could make the case)
In this type of global order, no single state or actor fully dominates; instead, power is diffused, contested, and increasingly fragmented.
What is a multipolar world order?
This describes the post–World War II system, led by the United States, that emphasizes open markets, international institutions, collective security, and the promotion of liberal democratic norms.
What is the Liberal International Order (LIO)?
Beginning in 2001 and 2003 respectively, these U.S.-led military interventions aimed to dismantle terrorist networks in one country and remove Saddam Hussein from power in the other.
What are the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq?
This concept describes a situation where individuals would all benefit from cooperating, but each has an incentive to free-ride, resulting in worse outcomes for the group.
What is a collective action problem?
The U.S.-led military alliance created in 1949 to provide collective security against the Soviet Union is called this.
What is NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)?
Scholars argue that the LIO relies not only on military and economic power, but also on these institutionalized ideas and norms that shape state behavior globally.
What is soft and institutional power?
A state may use its culture, political values, and foreign policy image to influence other states without threats or payments. Nye classifies this as part of the three faces of what fundamental concept in international relations?
What is power?
Some scientists warn that by this year, without drastic action to reduce emissions, we could pass a critical threshold making it nearly impossible to avoid catastrophic climate impacts.
What is 2030?
This principle refers to a state's supreme authority within its own territory and its equal legal standing with other states in the international system.
What is sovereignty?
This concept describes the three-stage process—emergence, acceptance, and internalization—through which international norms spread and become widely accepted.
What is the norm life cycle?
Many Asian conceptions of order emphasize that global politics should be centered on these primary actors.
What are states?
This refers to the idea that the contemporary world is increasingly “occupied” with states, non-state actors, international organizations, and transnational networks, making global governance more complex and contested.
What is 'crowded world'?
The Cold War officially ended in this year, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
1991
This concept describes how decisions and outcomes are heavily shaped by past choices making it difficult to reverse course even if better alternatives exist.
What is path dependency?
Founded in 1944, this international financial institution, supported by the U.S., was designed to stabilize currencies and rebuild economies after World War II.
What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
African conceptions of world order, as described by Tim Murithi, argue that the West must move beyond this traditional power-based principle when reshaping the international system.
What is “might makes right”?
This refers to the weakening of the traditional system in which states have full sovereignty over their territory and domestic affairs, challenged by globalization, transnational networks, and supranational institutions.
What is the decline of the Westphalian order?
The League of Nations, the first major attempt to create a global organization to maintain peace after World War I, was established in this year.
What is 1920?
Emerging from ideas in the Global South and articulated in the 1971 Founex Report, this principle holds that wealthy industrialized countries should bear primary responsibility, pay major costs, and transfer clean technology.
What is “common but differentiated responsibility”?
Scholars describe China’s economic model as combining centralized political control with market-oriented growth. This hybrid system is often referred to as…
What is authoritarian capitalism?
By participating in BRICS, G77, G20, and BRI, African states aim to strengthen this type of multilateralism, giving the Global South a stronger voice in international governance.
What is emerging multilateralism?
Characterized by decentralization from U.S. leadership, fragmentation from the liberal international order, and the recentralization of authority around multiple rising actors, this concept captures the shift toward a more crowded and contested global system.
What are 'new spheres of authority'?
On this date in 2025, youth‑led “Gen Z” protests exploded across Kathmandu and other cities after the government imposed a ban on social media — a spark that led to massive anti‑corruption demonstrations.
What is September 8, 2025?
This term describes the proposed geological epoch in which human activity—such as industrialization, pollution, and climate change—has become the dominant force shaping Earth’s systems
What is Anthropocene