Roman Empire
Who became Rome's first emperor?
Augustus
Between which two rivers did Mesopotamian civilization develop?
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
What was the Mandate of Heaven?
The belief that a ruler's authority to govern was granted by Heaven and depended on ruling properly.
What type of government did Rome have before becoming an empire?
Republic
What was an independent Greek city-state called?
Polis
Which Roman leader was assassinated by senators in 44 BCE
Julius Caesar
What was the title of an Egyptian ruler?
Pharaoh
What philosophy emphasized respect, family, proper relationships, and social order?
Confucianism
What were Rome's two elected chief officials called?
Consuls
Which Greek city-state was known for its military-centered society?
Sparta
What was Pax Romana?
A long period of relative peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire.
Why did Egyptians practice mummification?
They believed preserving the body was important for the afterlife.
What is reincarnation?
The belief that a person is reborn after death.
What were the Twelve Tables?
Rome's first written laws
What form of government developed in Athens in which eligible citizens participated directly?
Direct Democracy
How could Rome's military become a political problem?
Soldiers and generals could influence who became emperor, compete for power, or turn against rulers.
How did the Nile help Egypt become a successful civilization? Give two examples.
It provided fertile soil, water, transportation, food, and trade.
Explain how karma and reincarnation are connected.
A person's actions/karma influence their future rebirth
Why did Rome have two consuls rather than giving one person all executive authority?
To divide power and help prevent one person from becoming too powerful.
Give one major difference between Athens and Sparta.
Athens emphasized democracy/civic participation and cultural education, while Sparta emphasized military training and discipline.
Why were political assassinations dangerous for the Roman Empire?
They created instability and could lead to struggles over who would rule next.
What was Hammurabi's Code?
A written collection of laws created under King Hammurabi.
Explain how the Mandate of Heaven could justify BOTH a ruler's power and the overthrow of that ruler.
A successful ruler could claim Heaven gave them authority, but disasters or poor leadership could be interpreted as losing the Mandate, allowing a new dynasty to claim the right to rule.
Compare the Twelve Tables with Hammurabi's Code. What important idea did they share?
Compare the Twelve Tables with Hammurabi's Code. What important idea did they share?
Athens is often called the birthplace of democracy. Why would Athens not be considered a complete democracy by modern standards?
Political participation was restricted to eligible males only, the rest of the population could not vote.