Escobar and Development
The West created this term after World War II to describe decolonizing nations as primitive and in need of modernization.
What is the Third World?
Chimni argues that organizations like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank have essentially morphed into this, which dictates global policies.
What is a transnational state?
Prashad historical account focuses heavily on the promise and the ultimate failure of these movements after World War II.
What are national liberation movements?
Escobar, Chimni, and Prashad all share a common criticism of our existing framework of this.
What is world governance or global governance?
Escobar criticizes the development discourse because it was essentially this kind of concept that was forced onto the Global South.
What is a Western imposed concept?
To get loans, countries are subjected to structural adjustment programs that demand austerity and massive cuts, which Chimni accurately points out causes this.
What is a social cataclysm?
Because these movements lacked a clear analysis of class and focused power on a few elites, they devolved into this type of governance.
What is authoritarian governance / military dictatorialism?
While Prashad talks about the legacy of colonialism, he ultimately argues that this specific system is what truly determined the fate of postcolonial states.
What is the global capitalist system / world capitalism?
Instead of pushing a blanket solution of economic growth, Escobar alternatives place much more attention on self determination and this.
What is local knowledge?
These specific types of economic policies, like privatization and market liberalization, are pushed by global institutions to favor transnational capital.
What are neoliberal economic policies?
Rather than dismantling global capitalism, Prashad points out that this group in postcolonial countries just became members of the neocolonial order.
What are the national bourgeoisies or political elites?
While Escobar wants to discard development entirely, Chimni proposes doing this to international institutions so they actually respect the Global South.
What is reforming them or transforming them?
Escobar points out that the West incorrectly assumed that industrialization and this process were the magic solutions to the problems of the Global South.
What is Western style modernization or technological development?
Because developing countries are forced to rely on debt, Chimni notes that they suffer a severe erosion of this.
What is sovereignty?
To regain true autonomy, Prashad argues that postcolonial states must establish political structures that are inclusive, democratic, and this.
What is participatory?
All three authors agree that development needs to be reorganized as a site of this, rather than an imperialist instrument.
What is resistance or a counter hegemonic location?
Escobar explains that modern practices in things like nutrition and health care did not just come from scientific progress but were actually effects of power brought about by this specific process.
What is the problematization of hunger in the context of the pervasive economization of subsistence?
To challenge the current system Chimni argues that the global dissent movement needs to establish networks at the level of sub national authorities and in cities to create this specific type of alternative order.
What is a critical trans governmental order?
Prashad argues that the Third World project might have survived its own internal pitfalls but it was ultimately destroyed in the 1970s by a policy of planetary reorganization and this.
What is a debt crisis?
Based on the syntheses of all three authors the path forward requires a fundamental shift where international governance systems prioritize this over financial development and profits.
What is the well being of people?