Haha
Which international organizations does the speaker work with?
The speaker works with the United Nations in Geneva and New York.
Location: "My main work is conducted in Geneva and New York with the United Nations." (Paragraph 1)
What does globalization in agriculture primarily mean?
Globalization in agriculture primarily means the expansion of trade in agricultural products.
Location: "Globalization means first and foremost the expansion of trade in agricultural products." (Paragraph 2)
What types of foods are being heavily marketed towards children in developing countries?
Foods that are heavy in saturated fats, salt, and sugar.
Location: "This marketing targets, particularly targets the populations that are emerging from poverty in developing countries... advertising foods that are very heavy in saturated fats in salt and sugar." (Paragraph 3)
What was the growth in the value of global agricultural trade between 1972 and 1998?
The value of global agricultural trade almost doubled from 220 billion US dollars in 1972 to 438 billion US dollars in 1998.
Location: "The value of global trade and agricultural commodities increased almost doubling from 220 billion US. dollars in 1972 to 438 billion US. dollars in 1998..." (Paragraph 2)
How has globalization affected food prices in developing countries?
Globalization has made food cheaper, which is why many developing countries have lowered their import tariffs and depend on international markets to feed themselves.
Location: "Food is available at cheaper prices and this is the reason why many countries in the developing world have actually lowered their import tariffs and developed a huge dependency on international markets..." (Paragraph 3)
What type of foods are often exported from developing countries, making them less accessible locally?
High-quality foods like fruits and vegetables are often exported to high-value markets.
Location: "By this I mean that some of the highest quality foods fruit and vegetables in particular increasingly are being exported to the high value markets of the OECD countries..." (Paragraph 5)
How has the globalization of the food system affected the diets of poorer populations in developed countries?
In developed countries, the globalization of the food system has led to poorer populations consuming more processed foods that are high in fats, salt, and sugar, because these foods are cheaper and more accessible than fresh fruits and vegetables.
Location: "In developed countries... it is primarily the poor that are affected by these changing diets as essentially the poor can afford more easily unhealthy diets that consist of foods high in fats, in salt and sugar, heavily processed foods, whilst in contrast fruits vegetables and more plant-based diets are less affordable to them." (Paragraph 8)
What are the health consequences of the shift towards processed foods, particularly in emerging economies?
The shift towards processed foods leads to a nutrition transition where populations consume foods rich in saturated fats, sugars, and salt, which contributes to non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and gastrointestinal cancers.
Location: "This nutrition transition means that populations shift diets adopting Western ways of feeding themselves... these foods lead to a number of non-communicable diseases..." (Paragraph 6)
What is the "double burden" faced by developing countries, and how does it affect local producers?
The "double burden" refers to the issue where developing countries face both undernourishment (especially in children) and increasing obesity. Local producers are affected because they lose business as supermarkets and imported processed foods become more dominant in the market, leading to a decline in local food production.
Location: "These countries find themselves fighting what is called a double burden. On the one hand they have children and adults, but especially children, that are undernourished... the local producers that could provide fresh nutritious foods to the urban consumers gradually lose any incentive to produce..." (Paragraph 12)