Subject words A-M
Systematic errors in an algorithm’s decisions, often due to distorted or incomplete training data, leading to unfair outcomes.
algorithmic bias
This refers to the process of selling goods and services directly to end-users for personal or household use.
Retail
The process of officially registering or signing up for a course, program, or institution, etc.
Enrollment
The act of measuring or judging the size or amount of something.
Who is Germany's federal minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action?
Katherina Reiche
This refers to the practice of a company listing its shares on more than one stock exchange
Cross-listing
User-Generated Content (UGC) refers to any form of data or media that is created and shared by users or consumers, rather than companies.
User-generated content (UGC)
Something that encourages a person to do something
incentive (noun)
A careful and detailed examination or inspection of something, to get more information about it.
scrutiny (noun)
What is Germany's top export?
Cars and car parts.
This accounted for ca. €279 billion in 2024, about 17% of all exports.
(according to Statista & destatis.de)
This refers to superficial or insincere activity or behaviour undertaken by a company/organization that are intended to create the impression of environmental responsibility, while continuing to engage in practices that are still environmentally harmful.
Greenwashing (noun)
This effect happens when something that affects one person, country, or area also affects others nearby — even if they are not directly involved.
Spillover effect
Feeling withdrawn or separated from others or from society as a whole.
alienated (adjective)
The verb form in past tense looks the same, of course.
Something that seems to be almost everywhere, especially at the same time, or constantly encountered.
ubiquitous (adj.)
Millennials are considered to have be born between what years?
From about 1980 to 2000.
+/- a few years
This refers to the frequency and magnitude of fluctuations in economic indicators (GDP, employment rates, inflation, etc). It highlights the unpredictability of economic performance which can result from various factors (market dynamics, policy changes, external shocks).
economic volatility
This word means the act of returning to an earlier or older (usually worse) state, or more broadly moving backwards. This may refer to for example, human rights, the economy, etc.
Retrogression (noun)
This is the degree to which you can apply the results of a study to a broader context, when findings can be applied to most contexts, most people, most of the time.
generalisable (adjective)
note: in US English: generalizable
Biased or distorted in a way that favours one side or perspective over others. Deviating from what is normal, direct, or accurate.
(In geometry, it can also mean a distortion/deviation of a symmetrical form)
Skewed (adj.)
Which nation is the world's 4th largest economy?
India (as of 2025).
1. USA 2. China 3. Germany 4. India 5. Japan
But depending on your sources or how you measure, India and Japan are often very close, and could swap. Germany is only slightly ahead of both.
This is a cost or benefit, either positive or negative, caused by one party but financially incurred or received by another.
Externalities (noun)
+ education, beekeeping
- industrial pollution, traffic congestion
This is practice of a firm or individuals trying to increase existing wealth without actual work or creating new value, and often in a manipulative way.
Rent-seeking
'Rent' is here a classical economics term, referring not to payment for temporary use of a thing/place, but to 'unearned' income. I.e., not contributing to productivity, and typically achieved in manipulative or exploitive ways.
This means to cause to exist, to develop, or give rise to something, such as a feeling, situation or condition. (Not really for 'real world' physical things).
engender (verb)
The process of providing evidence or proof to support claims, statements or beliefs. Or, somewhat related, a process giving something form or essence.
Substantiation (noun)
What is this marketing principle called?
You buy a new tablet, and then receive a free 6-month subscription to an online streaming service. When the 6 months are nearly up, you wonder if you should let the regular billing begin, or cancel. You feel a bit sad at losing the streaming possibilities, as you were half-way through a good series...
This is a good example of Partial Ownership (a feature of behavioural economics)