Cells
What do Alpha Cells secrete and what do Beta cells secrete?
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta Cells: insulin
Bonus Q: What is another name for these cells?
What other hormone helps insulin in basal metabolic rate?
Thyroid hormone
Is type 1 or type 2 DM more prevalent?
Type 2 DM is much more common.
Bonus Q: What is the A1C level of pre-diabetes?
True or False: When considering the brain, we are more worried about hyperglycemia than hypoglycemia because hyperglycemia can lead to CNS dysfunction and even permanent injury.
False! We are more worried about hypoglycemia in regards to the brain.
T/F: CNS cells require insulin for glucose uptake.
False.
Bonus Q: What other organ doesn't require insulin to uptake glucose?
What is glucagon’s function?
To stimulate an increase in blood glucose levels.
Bonus Q: How is this done and where?
Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes: length of onset.
Type 1: sudden onset
Type 2: gradual onset
Bonus Q: What about age of onset?
What happens to excess glucose when the liver is saturated with glycogen?
It will be used to make fatty acids.
T/F: The pancreatic Islet of Langerhans (location of alpha and beta cells) is innervation by both the autonomic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.
True!
How would insulin and glucagon levels changes with postprandial glucose levels?
Insulin levels would rise and glucagon levels would decrease (postprandial means the period after lunch and dinner).
Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Ketoacidosis.
Type 1: common
Type 2: rare
Bonus Q: What about the presence of antibodies?
What is the difference between glycogen and glucagon?
Glycogen: The stored form of glucose
Glucagon: A hormone secreted by alpha cells that promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
In response to hyperinsulinemia, what will the target cells for insulin do (that leads to insulin resistance)?
Downregulate the number of insulin receptors
Bonus Q: What is the name of the major transporter of glucose into cells?
List at least 2 criteria for being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.
HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dl
OR
2 hour plasma glucose > 200 mg/dl
OR
Classic symptoms with a random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl
A patient comes in with a blood glucose level of 416. Why is it important to let the covering provider know of these findings?
The patient needs to be assessed for signs of Ketoacidosis.
What is the difference between glycogenolysis and glycolysis?
Glycogenolysis: glycogen → glucose (conversion of stored glycogen back to glucose)
Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose to release energy
Bonus Q: Define gluconeogenesis.
List at least 3 roles/functions of insulin in the body. (+50 pts for each additional answer)
Inhibiting glucagon secretion
Limiting levels of glucose in the blood
Limiting levels of fatty acids in the blood
Fat-sparing effect (indirect accumulation of fat in adipose tissue and prevents the release of stored fats)
Inhibits the catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbs
Facilitates glucose uptake by tissues
Inhibits glucose-producing pathways, such as glycogenolysis
Decreases serum potassium levels (by activating Na+ - K+ pumps)
Why can type 1 diabetes cause weight loss rather than weight gain?
Insulin has a fat-sparing effect. This means it indirectly stimulates accumulation of fat in adipose tissue and prevents the release of stored fats. In type 1 diabetes, they don’t have ANY insulin and thus don’t have this fat-sparing effect, unlike in type 2 diabetes where they have hyperinsulinemia.
Fill in the blanks:
Adipose cells secrete several substances called ____________. In high quantities these will stimulate _____________ resistance.
Adipokines
Insulin