Glycogen Basics
This polysaccharide is the primary glucose storage molecule in animals.
What is glycogen?
This enzyme catalyzes the phosphorolysis of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds in glycogen.
What is glycogen phosphorylase?
This nucleotide provides the energy needed for glycogen synthesis.
What is UTP?
This enzyme is the major regulatory point controlling glycogen breakdown.
What is glycogen phosphorylase?
This pathway produces glucose from pyruvate when glucose is scarce.
What is gluconeogenesis?
Glycogen is primarily stored in these two tissues.
What are the liver and muscle?
Glycogen breakdown uses this molecule instead of water during bond cleavage.
What is inorganic phosphate (Pi)?
The activated glucose donor used during glycogen synthesis.
What is UDP‑glucose?
The phosphorylated, more active form of glycogen phosphorylase.
What is phosphorylase a?
Gluconeogenesis is not simply the reverse of glycolysis because this many steps are irreversible.
What are three irreversible steps?
The average branch length of glycogen that allows rapid glucose release is this many residues.
What is 13 glucose residues?
The immediate product released from glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.
What is glucose‑1‑phosphate?
This enzyme catalyzes formation of α(1→4) bonds during glycogen synthesis.
What is glycogen synthase?
This molecule strongly activates phosphorylase b in muscle.
What is AMP?
The enzyme that converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate using ATP and biotin.
What is pyruvate carboxylase?
Glucose residues are released from glycogen to enter glycolysis from this position.
What is the terminal position
This enzyme converts glucose‑1‑phosphate into glucose‑6‑phosphate.
What is phosphoglucomutase?
This enzyme introduces branch points into glycogen by forming α(1→6) linkages.
What is the branching enzyme?
In liver, this molecule strongly inhibits phosphorylase a.
What is glucose?
This molecule allosterically activates pyruvate carboxylase.
What is acetyl‑CoA?
In muscle, glucose‑6‑phosphate from glycogen breakdown follows this metabolic pathway instead of entering the bloodstream.
What is glycolysis?
This type of glycosidic bond requires a separate debranching enzyme to remove.
What is an α(1→6) glycosidic bond?
The branching enzyme transfers a segment this many residues long to form a new branch.
What are 7 glucose residues?
This type of enzyme regulation involves phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
What is covalent modification?
This enzyme converts oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate using GTP.
hat is PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK)?