scientist experiments
what experiment did Louis Pasteur "father of modern microbiology" and what did it suggest
he demonstrated that air contains microorganisms. He filtered air through a cotton plug (trapping microorganisms). The micro organisms looked exactly like those found in the broth. He also showed that broth remained sterile in swan neck flasks that are open to air. suggests biogenesis (life create)
how is the meaning of the word "theory" in science different from its meaning in everyday conversation?
science- enough evidence to support the hypothesis
everyday conversation- speculation or guess
what are the three domains?
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
molds and yeasts are made up of what type of cells? and what can it cause
HYPHA; it can cause conidia (spores)
what experiment did Lazzaro Spallanzani compose and what did it suggest
redid needhams experiment with broths and had no bacteria show up. He boiled them for a longer period f time and melted shut the top of the flasks. suggests that there is no such thing as spontaneous generation
what is the scientific method
is the process of science separating intuition and beliefs.
what scale do we use to measure the sizes of the microbial world and why?
logarithmic scale; b/c microbes are so small that they require a measurement not commonly used in everyday life
what are characteristics of fungi
single cell yeast that reproduce by budding; multicellular filaments. they secrete enzymes that degrade the organic material and then take in the nutrients that are released. (dead plants and animals)
what did people argue against Lazzaro Spallanzani experiment
people argued the boiling process destroyed a "vital force" in the air that was necessary for spontaneous generation
what are the steps of the scientific process and give an example with each one
1. making an observation and asking a question about that situation.
ex. observation= microorganisms present in various examined specimens. question= "where did the microorganisms originate?"
2. developing an explanation and then devising an experiment that tests the explanation (hypothesis)
ex. biogenesis or spontaneous generation
3. doing the experiment, collecting the data, drawing a conclusion
ex. a control (a critical component that helps rule out alternative explanations)
4. communicating the methods, results, and conclusions
ex. theory:enough evidence supports the hypothesis
what are the characteristics of bacteria
cell type= prokaryotic
# of cells= uni
membrane bound organelles= no
peptidoglycan in cell wall= yes
size range= 0.3-2cm
what are characteristics of helminths
use organic material for energy. adult worms are usually macroscopic but their larva is microscopic
what did the golden age of microbiology inform us
the germ theory of disease; microorganisms cause certain diseases
what experiment did john needham compose and what did it infer
flasks containing broths still had microorganisms even when flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork. brief boiling was thought to kill all organisms. this suggested microorganisms arised spontaneously. (second experiment)
who created the scientific name binomial nominculture?
Carl Linnaeus
what are the characteristics of a archaea?
cell type= prokaryotic
# of cells= uni
membrane bound organelles= no
peptidoglycan in cell wall= no
size range= 0.3-2
what are characteristics of protozoa?
use organic material for energy. single celled microscopic organisms
what did ferdinand cohn discover
what experiment did francesco redi compose
covered meat with a thin gauges to stop flies from laying eggs on the meat and that showed that worms didn't happen from meat but they were caused by flies which indicates that spontaneous generation isnt true (first experiment done)
what is the first part and second part of the scientific name called and how are they written?
first= genus ; with the first letter capitalized
second= species; all lower case
what are the characteristics of a eukarya?
cell type= eukaryotic
# of cells= uni and multi
membrane bound organelles= yes
peptidoglycan in cell wall= no
size range= 5-50
what are characteristics of algae?
use sunlight for energy. Size range from microscopic (single-celled algae) to macroscopic (multicellular algae)
what experiment did John Tyndall compose and what did it inform us
he found that some broths can be sterile in 5 minutes but hay broth couldn't be sterilized for several hours. Realizing hay contained heat resistant forms of microorganisms . Microorganisms had two forms: cell easily killed by boiling and one that is heat resistant.