Causes
Presentation
Investigations
Risk Factors
Treatment
100
What causes gout?
a build up of monosodium urate
100
What are the symptoms of gout?
red, hot, extremely painful and swollen, with shiny skin over the area
100
What investigations should you do if someone presents with the classical symptoms of gout?
none are necessary
100
What is the gender ratio of gout sufferers?
5:1 M:F
100
What is the treatment to prevent gout attacks?
allopurinol
200
What are the 2 ways that hyperuricaemia can occur?
reduced renal urate excretion or less commonly, high production/ consumption
200
What is the most commonly affected joint? (proper name)
first metatarsal-phalangeal joint (big toe)
200
What shape are monosodium urate crystals and calcium pyrophosphate crystals?
needle shaped, rhomboid shaped
200
Name two items which increase uric acid levels
seafood, food with yeast in, red meat, alcohol, sugary drinks
200
What is the mechanism of action of Allopurinol?
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
300
What is it that is converted to uric acid?
Purine bases
300
Name 5 other joints that may be affected?
ankle, knee, elbow, wrist and in the fingers
300
What blood tests will come back raised in someone with gout?
ESR, CRP and WCC
300
What were the drugs that were mentioned that can increase risk of gout?
bendroflumethiazide and aspirin
300
What drugs are used to treat acute attacks of gout (name 2)?
Colchicine, NSAIDs
400
Why does the inflammation in an acute gout attack occur?
An immune response when crystals are shed from deposits in the joint
400
What are tophi?
soft tissue deposits of urate
400
What percentage of people with gout have normal uric acid concentrations?
30%
400
What items can decrease uric acid concentration?
coffee, vitamin C, dairy products
400
Name 3 indicators for the use of allopurinol?
2 or more acute attacks in a year, one or more tophi, joint or kidney damage due to gout, one or more kidney stones from uric acid, had an acute attack and are on long term medications that can cause gout.
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