Foundations
Which Enlightenment philosopher argued that all individuals possess natural rights?
John Locke
Federalism divides power between which two levels of government?
National & state governments
Which branch writes and passes laws?
Legislative branch
What type of election determines a party’s nominee for office?
Primary election
What civic duty ensures the right to a fair trial?
Jury duty
What concept states that government power is derived from the consent of the governed?
Popular sovereignty
Powers directly listed in the Constitution are called what?
Enumerated powers
Who has the constitutional power to declare war?
Congress
How many electoral votes are required to win the presidency?
270
What term describes the process through which immigrants become U.S. citizens?
Naturalization
Which rebellion demonstrated the failure of the Articles of Confederation?
Shays’ Rebellion
What clause states that federal law outweighs conflicting state law?
Supremacy Clause
Which branch can strike down laws as unconstitutional?
Judicial branch
States where either candidate may win are called what?
Swing states
What civic responsibility involves learning about political issues?
Staying informed
Which compromise created a bicameral Congress balancing large & small states?
Great Compromise
What landmark case confirmed implied powers and strengthened federal authority?
McCulloch v. Maryland
Which Senate-only power checks executive appointment authority?
Confirmation
What Supreme Court case allowed unlimited outside campaign spending?
Citizens United v. FEC
What form of participation includes protests and demonstrations?
Civic activism
Opponents of the Constitution demanded what addition to protect individual rights?
Bill of Rights
What term describes powers shared by national and state governments?
Concurrent powers
What committee resolves differences between House and Senate versions of bills?
Conference committee
What term describes targeted communication designed to manipulate opinions?
Misinformation / propaganda
What principle states that citizens ultimately hold political authority?
Popular sovereignty