Catholic Church
After the Fall of Rome, this institution provided unity and a central authority across Western Europe.
The Catholic Church
After years of civil war and conflict, what powerful military leader took control of Japan and remained in place for 265 years?
Shogun
The Renaissance was the rebirth of these two major classical civilizations.
Greece and Rome
He was France's the Sun King, who built the Palace of Versailles to keep the nobles in check and expelled the Huguenots have religious uniformity throughout his country.
Louis XIV
The selling of these, in order to build St. Peter's Basilica, was the catalyst to the Protestant Reformation.
Indulgences
This innovation from China and the Middle East was instrumental in spreading the ideas of the Reformation.
The Printing Press
This period in history was marked by the increase use of logic, reason, and utility to challenge traditional society and government.
The Enlightenment
This document articulated the greivances of the American colonists, referenced Enlightenment ideas to justify their revolution.
The Declaration of Independence
The Estates-General was called by Louis XVI in hopes of raising these on the Third Estate.
Taxes
This Venezuelan revolutionary was known as "The Liberator", helped multiple nations gain independence, and even had a country named after him.
Simon Bolivar
This power by the Pope to punish dissidents kept the Kings of Europe and all other members of the church obedient.
Excommunication
This code used by the samurai promoted the importance of loyalty, honor, fulfilling their lord's giri, and discouraged disobedience; which helped the Shogun stay in power and keep the Samurai in check.
Bushido
This civilization utilized a road system, the quipi, the mita labor system, and the mitma relocation system to maintain power throughout its empire.
Inca
This mindset focused on the importance and potential of human beings, as opposed to supernatural matters.
Humanism
He built a warm water port, taxed beards, and opened a school of navigation to westernize Russia.
Peter the Great
This major conflict in Europe began when Catholic officials were thrown out of a window; leading to a long war that killed over 8 million Europeans.
The Thirty Years' War
Philosophers like Francis Bacon created this process to prove hypothesis through observation and experimentation.
The Scientific Method
Thomas Hobbes and other philosophers argued that this agreement existed between the people and the government; where subjects are obligated to support government as long as they uphold their end of the deal.
Social Contract
This city is considered the "birthplace" of the American Revolution. It's where a massacre happened, a major act of protest; and just outside the city, the first battles of Lexington and Concord took place.
Boston
The French Revolution began when this group, disenfranchised for voting fairly, taxed unjustly, and poorly treated at the Estates-General decided to form a new government.
This class (race) of people led the revolutions in Latin America in their fight for their rights and autonomy.
Creoles
The Pope is elected by a college of these officials, whose title comes from the Latin word for "hinge", signalling their pivotal role as advisors to the Pope.
Cardinals
What was the Shogun's Sakoku foreign policy for the country of Japan until 1855?
Isolation/Closed
What system was used by the Aztec and Inca to maintain power by forcing allies to demonstrate loyalty?
Tribute
This mindset that grew during the Renaissance promoted the removal of the church from state matters and skepticism of religion in cultural matters.
Secularism
This doctrine was how absolute monarch legitimized their rule from challenges.
The Divine Right of Kings
A major event under his rule was the Dissolution of the Monasteries, where he closed down and confiscated property and finances from the Catholic Church. This was after the 1534 Act of Supremacy that made him the head of the Anglican Church of England.
King Henry VIII
Copernicus went against ancient authority and claimed that the universe was this, where the sun is at the center.
Heliocentric
When Thomas Jefferson wrote about Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness in the Declaration of Independnece, he was channeling what Enlightenment thinker?
John Locke
This act passed by Parliament directly taxed official documents in the American colonies; leading to organized protests, and eventually repealed.
Stamp Act
The storming of this ancient fortress in 1789 was the flashpoint of the French Revolution.
The Bastille
Father Hidalgo was a revolutionary leader whose "Cry of Dolores" led a major uprising in what Spanish colony?
Mexico
What elected ruler in central Europe struggled for power with the Pope more than any other monarchy?
The Holy Roman Emperor
The Sankin-kōtai was a policy where the Shogun did what with the Daimyo's family to prevent them from uprising?
Held them Hostage
The Aztecs did this by cutting out the heart of theirs, while the Inca did this by drugging young girls and having them slowly die in the Andes Mountains.
Human Sacrifice
Petrarch was a major advocate for classical education, coining the era before the Renaissance as the "Middle Ages", a period of cultural stagnation and decline that is often synonymous with this misnomer.
Dark Ages
He was the king of Spain who saw its Golden Age, but after being defeated by England and having to declare bankruptcy five times; he also saw its decline. He was also a very staunch Catholic.
Philip II
Tomas de Torquemada was a major official for this, a period of investigation in Spain where the Catholic Church used torture to find "fake Christians."
Spanish Inquisition
Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by nailing this on the door of the Wittenburg Church.
95 Theses
The theory of these (Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm, and Blood) was a medieval thought in the medicine world where people needed to balance four humors, which were all what?
Four Humors
The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution because this country was willing to financially and militarily support the revolution after they saw the American colonists's prove they could win.
France
The radical phase of the revolution was marked by this, a period of paranoia and executions carried out to stop anti-revolutionaries.
The Reign of Terror
He was an former slave, Jesuit-educated general who helped lead the Haitian Revolution.
Toussaint Louverture
This is the ecclesiastical city-state located in Rome under the Pope's jurisdiction within the "Holy See". It is the smallest country in the world at less than half a square kilometer!
Vatican City
What was the Tōkaidō; a very important tool used for communication, travel, and military movement if necessary?
Road
What major New World crop (the main staple food of the Inca) had an immeasurable imapct on the diet in Europe that would lead to a major population boom in the 1700 and 1800s?
Potato
In his book, "The Prince", he argued that practically, if rulers wished to maintain power, they must use any means necessary.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Cardinal Richelieu essentially controlled France's military during the Thirty Years' War. Despite the fact that France was a Catholic nation, he switched sides and fought against the Catholics to weaken this family, who had gained and consolidated power through marriages in Spain and Austria.
The Habsburgs
Enlightenment ideas spread quickly in France and England because printed materials and opportunities for discussion were available in restaurants where the price of a penny could gain anyone admission and a cup of this.
Coffee
The practice of this, where ancient chemists attempted to turn ordinary metal into gold; laying the foundation of modern science, chemistry, physics, and other fields.
Alchemy
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier expanded on Hennig Brand's discovery of these; where there are now 118 identified by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Elements
In what North Carolina town (1 hour from here) did another tea party take place; where women petitioned against the Tea Tax, marking the first instance of political activism by women in the colonies.
Edenton
This unnecessary war was waged by Louis XIV, who had hoped to gain the throne of a neighboring country. Unfortunately he lost, and racked up a massive amount of debt.
The War of Spanish Succession
The wars waged by this French Emperor was the catalyst for the South American revolutions.
Napoleon