Chemistry of Life
What is the smallest particle of an element? (p.247)
What is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions; they have properties different from the elements they are made up of? (p.248)
A compound
What are compounds that always contain hydrogen and carbon, and are found in living (or once-living) things? (p.250)
Organic compounds
There are four types of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What do we call movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy? (p.254)
Passive transport
What do we call organisms that can make their own food? (p.262)
Producers
What is a subatomic particle with no charge, found in the nucleus of an atom? (p.246)
A neutron
What is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds? (p.248)
A molecule
What is the name for the organic molecules, such as sugars and starches, that supply energy for cell processes? (p.250)
Carbohydrates
What is a type of passive transport in cells in which molecules move from areas where there are more of them to areas where there are fewer of them? (p.255)
Diffusion
What do we call organisms that cannot make their own food? (p.262)
Consumers
What is a subatomic particle with a positive charge, found in the nucleus of an atom? (p.246)
A proton
What is an electrically charged atom? It can be positively charged or negatively charged. (p.248)
An ion
What is the name for the organic compounds, including fats and oils, that store and release even larger amounts of energy than carbohydrates do? (p.250)
Lipids
What is a type of passive transport that occurs when water diffuses through a cell membrane? (p.256)
Osmosis
What is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism? (p.261)
Metabolism
What is a subatomic particle with a negative charge, found outside the nucleus of an atom? (p.246)
An electron
What is a combination of substances in which the individual substances do not change or combine chemically, but instead retain their own individual properties? It can be gases, solids, liquids, or any combination of them. (p.249)
A mixture
What is the name for the organic compounds that are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids, and are the building blocks of many structures in organisms, including muscles and skin? (p.251)
Proteins
Enzymes are proteins that regulate nearly all the chemical reactions in a cell. Enzymes are needed for all chemical reactions in cells.
What is a type of passive transport by which larger substances such as sugar molecules enter the cell only with the help of molecules in the cell membrane called transport proteins? (p.257)
Facilitated Diffusion
What is the process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen? (p.262)
Photosynthesis
What is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom? (p.247)
An element
What is a homogeneous mixture whose elements and/or compounds are evenly mixed at the molecular level but are not bonded together? (p.249)
A solution
What is the name of the large organic molecules that store important coded information in cells? (p.251)
Nucleic Acids
What is the energy-requiring process in which transport proteins bind with particles and move them through a cell membrane? (p.257)
Active Transport
What do we call a process by which cells break down food molecules into simpler substances and release their stored energy? (p.263)
Cellular Respiration
What is a heterogeneous mixture that is formed when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread through it? The substances separate into layers over time. (p.249)
What is the genetic material found in all cells that carries information to direct each cell's activities? (p.251)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
What is the process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane? (p.258)
Endocytosis (think ENTER)
Contrast this with Exocytosis, which is when a cell's vesicles release their contents outside of a cell (think EXIT).
What do we call a process by which oxygen-lacking cells and some one-celled organisms release small amounts of energy from glucose molecules and produce wastes such as alcohol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid? (p.264)
Fermentation
What type of compounds, such as H2O, are made from elements other than carbon and whose atoms usually can be arranged in only one structure? (p.251)
Inorganic compounds
What is the genetic material that is needed to make enzymes and other proteins? (p.251)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
What occurs when molecules of one substance are spread evenly throughout another substance? (p.255)
Equilibrium
Where does cellular respiration take place? (p.264)
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
Unlike cellular respiration, fermentation (which releases less energy) takes place in the cytoplasm.