Unit 1 - Intro to Probability
This type of probability is based on experimental trials and is calculated by dividing the number of times an outcome happens by the total number of trials
What is Experimental Probability
This principle states that if one event occurs in m ways and a second in n ways, they occur together in m×n ways
What is the Fundamental Counting Principle
This is a selection of objects from a set where the order of selection does not matter
What is a Combination
This value is calculated by multiplying each outcome by its probability and adding them together
What is Expected Value
This type of sampling involves dividing a population into groups, randomly choosing some groups, and then sampling every member of those chosen groups
What is Cluster Sampling
This is a probability estimate based on intuition, often involving little or no mathematical data
What is Subjective Probability
This mathematical operation, denoted by n!, involves multiplying a series of descending natural numbers down to one
What is a Factorial
This formula, 2n, is used to calculate the total number of these possible for a set of n elements
What are Subsets
This distribution occurs when all possible outcomes in a single trial are equally likely
What is a Uniform Distribution
This qualitative data type can be ranked in a specific order, such as marks (A, B, C) or levels of satisfaction
What is Ordinal Data
This is the ratio of the probability that an event will happen to the probability that it will not
What are Odds in Favour
By mathematical definition, this is the value of zero factorial (0!)
What is 1
In Pascal's Triangle, the sum of any row n is equal to this value
What is 2n
This distribution involves a specific number of independent trials, each with only two outcomes: success or failure
What is a Binomial Distribution
This type of bias occurs when respondents change their answers to avoid embarrassment or influence the results
What is Response Bias
These are events that have no outcomes in common, meaning the probability of their intersection is zero (P(A∩B)=0)
What are Mutually Exclusive Events
This is an arrangement of a set of objects in a definite order where the position of every item matters
What is a Permutation
This mathematical expansion uses coefficients found in specific rows of Pascal's Triangle
What is Binomial Expansion
This distribution involves dependent trials, typically characterized by selection without replacement
What is a Hypergeometric Distribution
This refers to data that have been summarized so that individual microdata can no longer be determined
What is Aggregate Data
This term refers to the probability of an event occurring given that a first event has already occurred
What is Conditional Probability
To find the arrangements of letters in words with repeated elements, like "LOLLIPOPS," you divide the total factorial by the factorials of these
What are Like Objects (or Repeated Elements)
This is the fundamental difference between a permutation and a combination
What is whether order matters
This is the simplified formula used to find the expected number of successes in a Binomial Distribution
What is np
This is the name for data collected directly by the researcher that has not yet been manipulated or summarized
What is Primary Source Data