Vocabulary
The agreements made between the British Crown and the Indigenous people were called _____________________.
Treaties
Who established New France, the first French settlement in Canada?
Samuel de Champlain
Who were the Acadians?
Acadians were descendants of French colonists who had settlements in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Living at some times under French rule, at some times under English rule, the Acadians came to have a unique culture and way of life, and stayed neutral in English–French conflicts. They had strong relations with the Mi'kmaq indigenous people.
When was the Seven Years War?
1756-1763
Who were the loyalists?
Loyalists were settlers from the “Thirteen Colonies” that stayed loyal to Britain during the American Revolution. They migrated to British North America (Canada) after they lost the American Revolution.
A _________________ is a settlement established in a new country by people from a different country
Colony
How did the Roman Catholic church view Indigenous people?
Thee church did missionary work. They claimed Indigenous people were “savages” in need of saving. The church wanted to impose their way of life upon the First Nations peoples. The culture, language and land of the First Nations was under attack
What was the significance of the Treaty of Utrecht?
In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht sliced off part of Acadia (mainly Nova Scotia) and gave it back to the British. The treaty allowed Acadians to relocate to other lands in New France. The Acadians, however, did not want to leave their established farms, and they refused to pledge allegiance to the monarch of England.
Why did the Seven Years War happen? Who was fighting?
Britain and France were competing for control of trade around the world. Each wanted control of North America's vast resources. This led to fighting over forts. Troops from one side would attack and capture their opponent’s fort, only to lose control of a fort somewhere else. It is often referred to as the first world war.
Name two groups of loyalists who were not respected by the British government
Haudenosaunee, Black loyalists
_______ travelled by canoe to transport furs and goods for the fur trade.
Voyageurs
What was the fur trade?
The French depended on First Nations to supply the furs that they sold in Europe. First Nations depended on Europeans to supply European-made goods like tools, rifles, metal traps, sewing needles and cooking pots. The friendly relationships developed through the fur trade also helped the French in times of war. Their First Nations trading partners became their military allies.
What caused the expulsion of the Acadians?
In 1755, British Governor Charles Lawrence demanded that the Acadians sign an oath of allegiance. This meant that if the British and French went to war, that the Acadians would have to fight the French. The Acadians refused, resulting in the British ordering the expulsion or removal of all Acadians.
What were some major battles in the Seven Years War?
Battle for Fort Duquesne: Fort Duquesne was in a strategic location and so the British wanted control of it. Many historians point to the battle over this fort in 1758 as the start of the Seven Years’ War. The British finally succeeded in gaining control of the fort in 1758 when the war began to turn in their favour.
Battle of the Plains of Abraham: In the summer of 1759, British forces attacked Quebec City, but they were unsuccessful. British General James Wolfe enacted a battle on the Plains of Abraham. British ships came down the river at night, troops climbed the cliff to reach the farm land at the top (the plains) where the actual battle between the British and French took place. The French lost this battle to the British in less than one hour and Quebec City became British territory.
Attack on Fort Michilimackinac: After the French surrender, the Indigenous continued to fight because they saw their existence in their territory as a threat to their way of life. In May and June 1763, the allied First Nations led successful attacks on eight British-held posts around Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Although Chief Pontiac was successful in convincing many allies to join forces with him, the French refused to join the resistance. They had already suffered many losses to the British and had accepted the terms of surrender.
The ___________________________ was the war in which Great Britain’s 13 colonies won their independence.
American Revolution
_____________________ were settlers who made careers out of the fur trade
Coureurs des bois
Why was the fur trade an important part of the colonization of North America?
It created a strong military alliance between the French and Indigenous
Settlers entered the trade for monetary gain (to earn money)
Due to overhunting, fur traders had to explore further west, discovering more land
How were the Acadians impacted?
- 10 000 people were forced onto ships and sent to Europe or to distant British colonies
- Nearly one-third of the people who were forced onto ships died before they reached their destination.
- Families were separated, and some never found each other again.
- Some Acadians managed to escape into the forest and find refuge with French or First Nations communities in the area. Others died of exposure or starvation while hiding.
How did the Seven Years War end? What were some of the treaties that finalized the end of the Seven Years War?
The Treaty of Paris (1763) outlined the French surrender after the Seven Years War, handing over all French territories to the British.
The Royal Proclamation (1763) outlined new rules for all the people who are living in North America. This Proclamation, or official statement, announced that the British were taking over the government of Quebec. Many British laws replaced the French laws
The Treaty of Niagara (1764): In July 1764, more than 2,000 people representing 24 First Nations and members of the British monarchy met to sign the Treaty of Niagara. Under the terms of the Treaty of Niagara, the British made promises to keep their settlers out of Indigenous territory. Promises that were broken when the Loyalists migrated to British North America.
Who was Joseph Brandt?
Joseph Brandt was a Mohawk leader and a military captain during the American Revolution. He is significant because he negotiated Haudenosaunee territory lost to the loyalists. Brandt fought to unite the Haudenosaunee and western Indigenous peoples in order to prevent and stop American expansion westward.
__________ were farmers who rented the lands from the land owners in New France.
Habitants
What was The Seigneurial System of New France?
The Seigneurial system was a form of land distribution established in New France. Noblemen were promised land in return for loyalty to the King and promise to perform military service when necessary. The Seigneurs divided the land into smaller lots along the St Lawrence River and brought in settler called habitants to farm it.
- After the Acadians were forcibly removed from their communities, the British burned down their homes and destroyed their farms so that the Acadians would have no reason to return. The expulsion lasted for eight years, ending in 1763.
- In 1764, the British allowed the Acadians to return to Acadia. Nearly 3,000 Acadians returned to their homeland. By then, however, their land had been given to British settlers. Many of those who returned settled in what is now known as New Brunswick.
Who was Sir Guy Carlton? Why was he significant to French Canadien history?
Sir Guy Carlton was the governor of Quebec in 1768. He convinced the British Government to pass the Quebec Act which returned to the French many of the rights they had lost with the Royal Proclamation in 1763, such as religious freedom, French laws and the ability of French Catholics to hold political positions.
What was the constitution act?
Loyalists brought with them British Laws and representative government and petitioned the government to change the Quebec Act. This petition from the Loyalists led to the Constitutional Act in 1791
This act divided the colony of Québec into two separate colonies along the Ottawa River: Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French).