Abolition
What was the goal of the American Colonization Society and why was it controversial?
To send freed African Americans to Africa; it was controversial because many abolitionists wanted equality in the U.S., not colonization abroad
What is urbanization?
The rapid, large-scale movement of people from rural (countryside) areas to cities and towns, usually driven by jobs in industry
What was the platform of the Republican Party in 1860 regarding slavery?
Stop the expansion of slavery into new territories, but not abolish it where it already existed
Describe the three-pronged Union strategy in the Civil War
Capture Richmond, blockade southern ports, and control the Mississippi River.
What challenges did the U.S. face during Reconstruction after the Civil War? (List three)
Rebuilding the South, integrating freed slaves, restoring states to the Union, and political conflict
Who was Frederick Douglass and how did he contribute to the Abolitionist movement?
He published an autobiography (The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass), wrote for The North Star, and gave several speeches that spread the Abolitionist ideology.
Why is Samuel Slater called the “Father of the American Factory System”?
He brought British textile technology to the U.S. and helped start successful American factories
Why did the Democratic Party split in the 1860 election and how did it affect the outcome?
Northern and Southern Democrats disagreed over slavery; this split allowed Lincoln to win with a plurality
Why is the Battle of Antietam significant in U.S. history?
It was the bloodiest single-day battle and gave Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Compare Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction to Andrew Johnson’s plan.
Lincoln’s plan was lenient, focusing on quick reunification (10% Plan); Johnson’s plan was similar but allowed Southern elites to regain power (Only had to ratify the 13th movement)
Who was Harriet Tubman?
She led enslaved people to freedom and made multiple trips to guide them safely.
How did Eli Whitney’s invention of interchangeable parts contribute to industrial growth?
It allowed mass production of goods and easier repair of machines, increasing efficiency
What was the Constitutional Union Party?
Tried to avoid sectional conflict by focusing on preserving the Union
What was Pickett’s Charge and why did it fail at Gettysburg?
Confederate attack on Union center; failed due to strong Union defenses and heavy casualties
Who were the Radical Republicans and what were their goals?
Members of Congress who wanted to protect African American rights and punish the South for rebellion (Abolished state governments, divided the south into 5 districts, and forced all states to ratify the 14th amendment)
What was William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper and how did it influence the abolition movement?
Published The Liberator which was considered the greatest anti-slavery newspaper in American history. He spread anti-slavery ideas, convinced Northerners of slavery’s immorality, and called for immediate emancipation
Compare working conditions for women and children in factories to today’s labor standards.
Workers faced long hours, low pay, unsafe environments; today labor laws protect minors and workplace safety
How did Lincoln’s election trigger secession among Southern states?
Southern leaders feared he would end slavery; states began leaving the Union to protect it
How did Sherman’s March to the Sea affect the Southern economy and morale?
Destroyed crops, railroads, and cities, weakening Confederate supply lines and demoralizing civilians
How did Black Codes and white terror groups undermine Reconstruction?
Black Codes restricted African American freedoms; groups like the KKK used violence to intimidate voters and officials
Describe two methods enslaved people used to resist slavery and give examples.
Running away (e.g., Underground Railroad), work slowdowns, sabotage, learning to read secretly, revolts (e.g., Nat Turner)
What economic and social changes did the Industrial Revolution bring to the United States?
Shift from farming to factory work, urbanization, child and women labor, growth of cities, and expansion of markets
Who did Lincoln have a series of debates with? How did they increase his national profile before the election.
Stephen Douglas; The debates highlighted Lincoln’s stance on stopping slavery’s spread and gave him recognition in Northern states
Who were the Union “bummers,” and what impact did they have during the Civil War?
Soldiers in Sherman’s army who looted and destroyed property; contributed to total war strategy
Explain how the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments worked together to protect African Americans and why they were insufficient.
Abolished slavery, granted citizenship, protected voting rights; insufficient due to poor enforcement and Southern resistance (e.g., Jim Crow, voter suppression)