Cluster 1: Prehistory
What were the three major time periods of the prehistoric period called? (spelling counts!)
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
What is the name of the writing system of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley? (name the three writing systems)
- Mesopotamia: Cuneiform
-Egypt: Hieroglyphics
-Indus Valley: don’t know how to read it yet (so no name for it)
Who was considered to be a “citizen” in ancient Greece? (citizen could vote to make decisions)
Ancient Greece: free adult males with Greek parents
What is a guild? Why was it important in medieval Europe (name two reasons)?
Guild: a group of people who all work in the same trade; end competition; helped the members; set regulation such as the price for all your goods, wage, and not advertising; had apprentices, interns; All workers had to join a guild; it was mandatory.
What was the “Renaissance”? Why was it important? (name two important figures from the time)
-Period in Europe (14th-16th C) when the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome were revived
-art and literature, religious ideas; science flourished (Shakespeare, Michelangelo, Newton)
What is a primary source? What is a secondary source? And give an example for each.
Primary sources were created during the event or time period, which survived from the past. E.g., maps, photographs, letters, autobiography
-Secondary sources created some time after the event, usually referring to a primary source. E.g., books, textbooks, historical film & art, biographies
Give three reasons why early civilizations settled near rivers.
-source of freshwater; fertile soil for farming-fish-transportation & protection
Name three differences between Sparta & Athens
Sparta vs. Athens
-Oligarchy vs. Democracy
-military focus vs. education & culture focus
-no freedom of thought vs. freedom of thought
-mandatory military services vs. no
-boys taken away at age 7 for military camp training vs. no
What is feudalism? Was it a good system or not in your opinion and why?
Feudalism is a social system in medieval Europe based on a lord and his superiors where land and services were exchanged.—land owned by the king/queen given to nobles->knights only; peasants could not own land
What was the Industrial Revolution? How did it change the world? (list two changes)
- when manufacturing (producing) goods moved from small shops to large factories
-people moved from rural areas to big cities; able to manufacture a lot of goods in a short period of time (growth of cities & change in culture); iron and steel machines; higher standards of living; greater profits; larger companies; increased pollution
Name any three traits of civilizations.
Cities, specialized jobs, writing system, laws & government, social structure/organization, art & culture, belief system & religion
What was the Code of Hammurabi? Why was it important?
Code of laws developed by king of Babylon: Hammurabi--based on “an eye for an eye” IMPORTANCE: It is the earliest known record of laws set forth by a government. - the earliest examples of the presumption of innocence - collecting taxes fairly & setting prices and wages for his people
Name one reason the Roman Empire collapsed (declined). Name one reason ancient Greece declined.
-Rome: Political (government) corruption
Economical crisis
Class conflicts among people; enemy invasions, military threats
-Greece: Conflict and competition between city-state, different forms of government, more powerful Rome, wars divided city-states
Draw the organization of the medieval society in a pyramid. Include: knights and lords, serfs, monarch, peasants. Draw the organization of church; include: bishop, monks & nuns, pope, priests
monarch, knights and lords, peasants, serfs
pope, bishop, priests, monks & nuns
Why did the protestant reformation happen? Why was it an important event? (name two reasons)
-religious conflict & persecutions-> many reformers fled Europe and settled in America; started Protestant Churches (Christianity now) away from Catholic Churchindulgences disappear later
What was the agricultural revolution? Why was it important (list at least three consequences from it)?
When majority of humans converted into agrarian societies from hunter-gatherer societies.
-Consequences: food surplus, food storage, population increase, larger communities, sedentary lifestyle, animal domestication
How was the ancient world view (of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus Valley) different from today’s world view? Name three differences.
-back then: polytheism (many gods) vs. monotheism (mostly one god); believed that mummification was needed to preserve body for afterlife; religion=state, priest were considered to be closet to gods; king = god back then
Name three important legacies of Ancient Greece (lasting influence). Name three important legacies of Ancient Rome (lasting influence).
Rome:
The idea of republic; Latin; Road system; laws; Christianity
-Greece: The Olympic games; Language → e.g., Greek root word Classical architecture (columns); Greek gods
Name two causes/motivations of the crusades and two effects.
-Cause: Muslims closed Jerusalem to Christians and Jews, → Byzantine Empire asked the Pope to help, and he called for a crusade to take the Holy Land
-Church said that they would pay your taxes and your debt will be canceled
-Pope said all people who participate in the crusades will have their sins forgiven
-Adventure or wanted wealth
-soldiers thought it was their duty as Christians to fight for God
Effects: increased trading between West and East; spread of ideas and goods; increased power of kings; weakened feudalism; worsened relationship between Christians & Muslims
Name two motivations for global exploration and/or colonization b the Europeans. Name two effects from the interactions between Europeans and indigenous peoples during this time.
-motivations:
International competition for power and wealth
To gain control of ocean routes and international trade routes
To gain agricultural land and natural resources
To get labour
Belief in cultural superiority
To escape religious persecution (or to get religious freedom)
Missionary purposes
Adventure
To draw maps
-effects:
Economic development; Slavery; Cultural, linguistic, and religious changes; Health and disease; Emergence of new cultural groups
-Exchange of ideas; Conflict of world views
-Intercultural cooperation; Intermarriage
-Wars and alliances;Population changes
Describe three differences between hunter-gatherer and agrarian society.
-food sources
-division of labour (specialization)
-nomadic vs. sedentary
-food supply
-fitness vs. protection
Name one significant technology or development for each of the earliest civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus Valley.
-Mesopotamia: cuneiform, ziggurats
-Egypt: mummification, pyramids, papyrus, calender
-Indus Valley: housing, toilets, drainage system
Name any three types of government ancient Rome had. Briefly describe each type of government.
Monarchy
Rule by king/queen who inherit (take over) power (hereditary)
Empire
A large group of states or countries under an emperor or empress who is the single supreme authority.
Republic
State where people have the political power, and government positions are given to representatives elected by the people.
Dictatorship
Rule by a person who has absolute control on every area of life
Name at least 3 developments (technologies, inventions or other) from the Middle Ages.
Signing of Magna Carta; Limited the monarch’s power for the first time
English Peasants’ revolt against serfdom and excessive taxes;
Paper Money, Mechanical Clock, Printer press-
Islam—Arabic alphabet & numerals;
Why was the modern world (14th-19th century) important? List any three major changes that happened during this period.
The end of feudalism
Rule of law & democracy; elected representatives
Government responsibility to the people
Increasing separation of Church and State
Idea of human rights; Freedom and equality (freedom of religion & thought)