Nominalisation
Turn develop into a noun.
development
Complete: It was Sarah ___ organized the event.
who
Choose: The woman ___ called me is my manager. A) which B) who C) where
B — who
Replace if not: If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus.
Unless you hurry, you'll miss the bus.
Identify: What I need is more time.
Wh-cleft / pseudo-cleft
Which is more academic?
A) Governments should invest more in education.
B) Governments should increase their investment in education
B — Governments should increase their investment in education.
Turn into a Wh-cleft: I need more time.
What I need is more time.
Is this defining or non-defining? My brother, who lives in London, is visiting me.
Non-defining
Which means if a particular condition is satisfied?
A) in case B) provided that C) even if D) otherwise
B — provided that
Identify: The rapid growth of cities has created significant environmental problems.
Nominalisation — growth is the noun form related to grow.
Nominalise: People consume too much energy
Excessive energy consumption is a major concern.
What is emphasized? It was yesterday that I received the news.
Excessive energy consumption is a major concern.
Can you remove the relative pronoun? The book that I bought was expensive.
The book I bought was expensive.
The relative pronoun is the object of "bought."
What's the difference? Take an umbrella if it rains. / Take an umbrella in case it rains.
If = the rain is the condition for taking the umbrella.
In case = you take the umbrella as a precaution against possible rain.
Correct: The company, that I work for, is expanding.
If non-defining:
The compaNy, which I work for, is expanding.
If defining:
The company that I work for is expanding.
Transform: The government decided to increase taxes.
The government's decision to increase taxes was highly controversial.
Use an It-cleft focusing on technology: Technology has transformed communication.
It is technology that has transformed communication.
Correct: The students who they study regularly get better grades.
The students who study regularly get better grades.
Complete: ___ you need any assistance, please contact us.
Should you need any assistance, please contact us.
Improve using two advanced structures: Governments should invest in education. Education helps people get better jobs. This can reduce inequality.
Possible answer:
It is investment in education that can help reduce inequality, as it provides people with the skills that they need to access better employment opportunities.
Improve using nominalisation: Scientists discovered that pollution was increasing rapidly.
Scientists' discovery of the rapid increase in pollution raised concerns.
Explain the difference: My brothers who live abroad rarely visit me. / My brothers, who live abroad, rarely visit me.
who live abroad = defining; only those brothers who live abroad rarely visit.
, who live abroad, = non-defining; the information is additional and suggests all the brothers live abroad.
Explain the difference: The employees who work remotely are more satisfied. / The employees, who work remotely, are more satisfied.
The employees who work remotely = only the employees who work remotely are more satisfied.
The employees, who work remotely, = the employees in question all work remotely; the information is additional.
Improve using at least four grammar structures: Many people move to cities because they want better jobs. Cities offer more opportunities. However, cities can be expensive. Governments should make cities more affordable. If they don't, many people will struggle.
MVP OPTION!!!
What attracts many people to urban areas is the greater availability of employment opportunities, particularly for those who are seeking better-paying jobs and improved career prospects. Although cities tend to offer a wider range of opportunities, the rapid increase in housing costs and living expenses can make urban life increasingly unaffordable. It is therefore essential that governments invest in affordable housing and public services, as long as such measures are effectively targeted at those most in need. Unless these issues are addressed, many low-income residents may struggle to maintain a reasonable standard of living.
Improve using at least four grammar structures: Many people move to cities because they want better jobs. Cities offer more opportunities. However, cities can be expensive. Governments should make cities more affordable. If they don't, many people will struggle.
What attracts many people to urban areas is the greater availability of employment opportunities, particularly for individuals who are seeking better career prospects. However, the rapid increase in housing and living costs can make urban life inaccessible to lower-income residents. It is affordable housing and efficient public services that governments should prioritize, provided that they aim to make cities more inclusive; otherwise, economic inequality may become even more pronounced.