We often use contractions such as should've, could've, and might've. We sometimes use shoulda, coulda, mighta. When should we NEVER use these forms?
(page 261)
In formal writing
100
What is a modal?
(page 243)
An auxiliary "helping" verb. Modals express ability, advice, necessity, logical possibilities, conclusions, and future possibilities.
100
What does a real conditional do? What does an unreal conditional do?
Real: Tells us general truths, possibilities
Unreal: Unlikely, impossible, hypothetical
100
What is the difference between intransitive and transitive verbs? Which verbs are used with passive sentences?
Intransitive verbs have no object.
Transitive verbs have a direct object.
Transitive verbs are used with passive sentences.
100
What is the difference between simple present and present progressive? What are the forms?
(page 5)
Simple Present: describes what generally happens (but not necessarily right now)
Form: lives
Present Progressive: what is happening right now or in the extended present.
Form: living
200
What do we try to express when we use should have, ought to have, and could have?
Regret or blame
200
Name modals used for advice.
should, ought to, had better
200
How do we form PRESENT REAL CONDITIONALS?
(page 343)
If clause and main clause are both in simple present.
If you use a credit card, it's faster.
200
What is the difference between active and passive sentences?
(page 292)
Active sentences focus on the agent.
Passive sentences focus on the object.
200
What are non-action verbs? Are non-action verbs usually used with progressive forms?
Non-action verbs describe emotions, wants, perceptions, and possession. No, we typically use action verbs with progressive.
300
What modal form do we use in yes/no and wh- questions?
Should have
300
What modals express prohibition?
Must not or can't
300
How do we form a PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONAL?
(page 373)
If clause: simple past;
Main clause: would + base form;
If he had a nice house, he wouldn't move.
Note: You may use might or could, but the meaning is different from would.
300
How is the passive formed?
(page 293)
be + past participle;
It was first published in 1888.
300
When do we use simple past? What is the form?
(page 17)
For things that happened and were completed in the past.
Form: lived, built, did
400
What is the form used with a past modal?
Modal + have + past participle
400
What modals may be used for future possibility?
May (not), might (not), and could
400
Practice your unreal conditional by finishing the following sentence:
If I were you . . .
I would/could/should
400
When do we use passives?
With transitive verbs when we want to focus on the object.
When the agent is unknown or not important.
"The magazine was started in 1888."
When you want to avoid mentioning the agent.
"Some mistakes were made in that article."
400
When do we use present perfect progressive? What is the form?
(page 29)
We use present perfect progressive to show that an activity is unfinished. We often say how long with the present perfect progressive.
Form: She has been reading the book for a week.
500
What modals do we use with advisability in the past?
should (not);
ought (not) to;
could;
might
500
Name the modals of ability. Begin with Present, then past, and finally future.
Present: can, be able to;
Past: could, was/were able to;
Future: can, will be able to, be going to be able to
500
How do you form a PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL? Try to offer an example.
(Page 387);
If clause: past perfect;
Main clause: would have + past participle;
If it had won an award, it would have become a famous movie.
Note: you may use might have or could have, but the meaning is different
500
When do we mention the agent? When do we not need to mention the agent?
Mention the agent when it is important to know who it is!
"One of the first cameras was invented by Alexander Wolcott."
Do not mention the agent when it is unnecessary or repetitive.
The book was written by the author.
The farm was bought by the farmer.
500
What are two forms that we use for Future tense?
(page 63);
Will and going to;
Will she take the test next week?
We are going to take the test next week.