Past Perfect
Complete: I ______ (leave) when she arrived.
had left
What is the difference between Active and Passive voice?
Active focuses on the agent, Passive focuses on the action
What is Reported Speech?
A way of telling someone what another person said.
Fill in: After the divorce, he ______ two years later. (marry or remarry)
remarried
Choose the correct form: By 8 PM, we (had finished / finished) dinner.
had finished
Change to passive: They clean the classroom every day.
The classroom is cleaned every day.
What 3 things usually shift when creating Reported Speech?
"My favourite film is on TV tonight. I love comedies."
verb tense, noun, time/place
"Mrs Brown said that her favourite film was on TV that night. She said that she loved comedies."
Choose the correct word: This is her first public ______ since 2015. (appearance / reappearance)
appearance
Make a question: you / finish / work / when they arrived?
Had you finished work when they arrived?
Change into passive: People speak English all over the world.
English is spoken (by people) all over the world.
Explain the difference between: 'He said he was tired.' vs. 'He says he is tired.'
One is past reporting; the other is present reporting and still true.
Passive voice: They rearranged the furniture yesterday. → ?
The furniture was rearranged yesterday.
Fill in: They ______ (never/see) such a storm before.
had never seen
Change into passive: Someone has stolen my bike!
My bike has been stolen!
Turn into reported speech: She said, 'I’m tired.'
She said (that) she was tired.
Fill in: After reading the feedback, the team decided to completely ______ their strategy. (think / rethink)
rethink
Form a negative: She ______ (not/decide) before he asked.
had not decided
Write a Passive sentence in the Present Simple
Example: The room is cleaned every day.
Report this question: He asked, 'Do you like pizza?'
He asked if I liked pizza.
Reported complaint: “He always tries to upstage me,” she said.
She said (that) he always tried to upstage her.
Correct the error: He had went home before dinner.
Incorrect verb form → should be: 'He had gone home before dinner.'
Write a Passive sentence in the Past Simple
Example: The window was broken.
Report this order: 'Close the door!'
She told me to close the door.
Complete with the correct verb form: By the time the computer finally worked, I ______ it three times. (start / restart)
had restarted
What is the third form of irregular verbs called?
Past Participle
Write a Passive sentence in the Present Perfect
Example: The emails have been sent.
Report this: 'I will call you tomorrow.'
He said he would call me the next day.
Reported speech: She said, “The city will begin its ______ soon.” (construction / reconstruction)
She said the city would begin its reconstruction soon.
Which came first? 'I had called her before she left.'
'Called' happened before 'left'.
Why might someone intentionally use passive voice in political or corporate speech?
To avoid assigning blame (e.g., “Mistakes were made.”)
What is the only tense that will not shift backwards?
Past Perfect - it has nowhere to shift
Report this: “Scientists have made a rediscovery of the species,” the article said.
The article said that scientists had made a rediscovery of the species.
Use 'already' in a Past Perfect sentence.
Example: They had already eaten by the time we arrived.
Passive voice in headlines
Re-write: “Fire destroys cathedral.”
Cathedral destroyed by fire.
If you are reporting something immediately after it was said.
Which word fits into both of these sentences if we ad "re-" to it in the second one?
"This is my first time to ______ this program."
"Don’t throw away that bottle, you can ______ it."
use / reuse
Create a sentence using Past Perfect + when.
Example: I had just fallen asleep when the phone rang.
Two passive versions possible?
"They gave the boy a medal."
The boy was given a medal. / A medal was given to the boy.
Report this: “She said, ‘I’ll see you next week.’”
She said she would see me the following week.
Reported speech: “We will attend the awards ceremony after our album is released,” the band said.
The band said they would attend the awards ceremony after their album was released.
Rephrase using Past Perfect: 'First I met her. Then we went to the cinema.'
I had met her before we went to the cinema.
Why can’t this be changed to passive?
“She sleeps eight hours.”
Because there’s no object.
Report this: “I’ll let you know if she calls me after the meeting,” John said yesterday.
John said yesterday that he would let me know if she called him after the meeting.
Fill the gap: By the time the documentary was released, the singer ______ (earn) millions in ______ from his old songs.
had earned / royalties
Use Past Perfect with 'before' and 'after' in one sentence.
Example: He had studied before the test, and he relaxed after it ended.
Transform this:
“They say he was fired.”
He is said to have been fired.
Report this: “You must be exhausted,” she said, “you’ve been working all night.”
She said I must be exhausted because I had been working all night.
Which word fits into both of these sentences if we ad "re-" to it in the second one?
“I need to make an ______ for the meeting.”
“We had to do a complete ______ of the furniture.”
arrangement / rearrangement