Vocab
any unnecessary or excess use of a chemical, or a chemical substance that could harm human health or the environment when released to the air, water, or land
Waste
What are 2 disadvantages of using water as a solvent?
-Large energy requirement for distilling water
-Poor solubility of many organic chemicals in water
-treatment of contaminated aqueous waste
-large heat capacity and thus energy requirement for heating water
What element is of high abundance in earths crust
silicon
What is the fundamental green chemistry issue that we are addressing by using catalysts and reactions with high atom economy
Reduce waste
What does GHG mean?
Greenhouse gases
a gradual increase in the earth's temperature generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
Global Warming
What does it mean to be a carbon neutral solvent?
Maintaining equilibrium in carbon sinks between the carbon released into the atmosphere and the carbon absorbed
What is one of the most common earth abudant
What are the ways in which chemists can increase the sustainability of reactions
All chemicals they use are as non-toxic
use renewable resources
develop more efficient processes with higher atom economy
What is PBT
persistence, bio-accumulation, toxicity
The accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the dominating driver of recent climate change.
Climate Change
Give an example of a carbon-neutral solvent
Ethanol from biomass
2-methyl-THF
esters of levulinic acid
What is an element at serious risk of depletion
Pt, Rh, Ir, Au, Ag, In, Te, Cd, Ga, Ge, As
What reaction tpes are uneconomical
Substitution, elimination, witting reactions
What is CMR
carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive hazard
the ability of a substance to cause harmful health effects.
Toxicity
What are the three preferred classes of solvents for the production of API based on known solvent selection guides?
ketones, esters, alcohols
Which element is of very low abundance in earths crust
C, O, Fe, Ag, Al, Ag
What reaction types have high atom economy
addition, rearrangment, diels alder, oligomerization, and polymerization, alkene metathesis
What is LD50
Median Lethal Dose. This is the dose at which 50% of the test population dies.
a chemical substance produced without a separate commercial intent during the manufacture, processing, use, or disposal of another chemical substance or mixture.
Byproduct
What are some concerns regarding the use of ionic liquids as solvents?
-unknown toxicity
-Ionic liquids can occasionally be challenging to filter for recycling or reuse
-Recovering products from ionic liquids can be challenging and using organic solvent may be necessary for product isolation
- ionic liquids synthesis is frequently a multi-step process that produces a large amount of chemical waste
Which elements were dramaticall reduced from commercial processes in the U.S. with the change from CCA to ACQ for pressure-treated lumber
Chromium and arsenic
Which of the following is true about catalysts?
-A catalyst increases the rate of the desired reaction by increasing the activation energy for that reaction.
-A catalyst can change the thermodynamics of a reaction, thus making the desired reaction more favorable in terms of the change in Gibbs Free Energy.
-A catalyst changes the mechanism of the desired reaction, resulting in a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction and an increase in the reaction rate.
-Most reactions require one mole of catalyst to produce one mole of the desired product.
A catalyst changes the mechanism of the desired reaction, resulting in a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction and an increase in the reaction rate.
What do the following abbrevations for green screen mean?
F, N, Ca, M, P, B, C, E
flammability, neurotoxicity, chrinic aqautic toxicity, mutagen, persistence, bioaccumulation, cercinogen, endocrine disruptor