Bones and Ligaments
What type of bone is the patella, and how can you describe the bone type?
A sesamoid bone - bone encased in tendon
What are the 4 muscles that compose the quadriceps? What is their common insertion?
Vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris - insert on tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Arteries move blood ________ and veins move blood ____________.
away from the heart
toward the heart
What is the function of dendrites?
To receive information from other neurons
What terms are used for "flexion and extension" at the ankle joint and what do the movements look like?
Dorsiflexion - toes up
Plantarflexion - toes down
Why is the glenohumeral joint more shallow than the femoroacetabular joint?
Increase range of motion at the shoulder - less of the humeral head in contact with the glenoid cavity
What does GMLBP stand for, and what muscles are associated with each part of the acronym?
Great Major League Baseball Players: Gracillus, Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Pectineus
What is the primary artery that supplies the lower limb?
What is the primary nerve that passes through the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve
What role does muscle contraction play in blood flow?
Muscle contraction aids in venous return of blood to the heart
The posterior cruciate ligament prevents what type of motion and what is a way it could be injured?
Posterior translation of the tibia - excessive and fast hyperextension
What change in a "calf stretch" would you make to target the soleus instead of the gastrocnemius and why?
Bend back knee - isolates to JUST plantarflexion because the soleus is a uniarticulate muscle (only crosses the ankle) whereas the gastrocnemius is a biarticulate muscle (crosses ankle and knee - also will be stretched during knee extension)
What vessel drains into the femoral vein in the the femoral triangle?
Great saphenous
What are the vertebral roots of the brachial plexus? Of the sacral plexus?
C5-T1, L4-S4
How can "shin splints" be more accurately described?
Medial tibial stress syndrome - dull ache on medial tibia caused by compartment syndrome, overuse injuries, and stress fracture. Often caused by excessive pronation
What clinical relevance does the Q-angle have?
Patellar tracking and non-contact ACL injuries
What muscle is responsible for the Trendelenburg sign when weak, and what is its primary function?
Gluteus Medius - hip abduction
What prevents backflow in veins?
One way valves (secondary: muscular contraction)
Which cord does the musculocutaneous nerve originate from in the brachial plexus, and what group of muscles does it primarily innervate?
Lateral cord, anterior arm (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis)
What are the "players" of the screw home mechanism and how are each implicated in the mechanism? What is the overall purpose of the mechanism?
ACL and PCL - sense tension
Tibia and Femur - joint and tibial external rotation
Popliteus - "unlocks" knee joint
Purpose - External rotation of tibia at knee extension to stabilize joint
Describe subluxation and how it will impact joints.
Partial dislocation where it "pops" back into place on its own. Impacts joints by increasing laxity of ligaments and increasing the risk of repeat injury
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle, and what are their functions? What is the purpose of the femoral triangle?
Superior: inguinal ligament (ASIS-pubic tubercle, anchors pelvis and provides support)
Medial: adductor longus (thigh adduction)
Lateral: sartorius (secondary hip and knee flexor)
Neurovascular region for supply to the lower extremity
Describe the arterial connections of the lower extremity (which arteries become which arteries)
External iliac --> femoral --> popliteal --> anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What is sciatica, and what are potential medical conditions that may cause it?
Shooting pain that radiates along the lower extremity (numbness, pain, weakness)
Direct trauma to sciatic nerve or herniated intervertebral disc
Describe the steps of the Sliding Filament Theory
1. Nerve impulse
2. Calcium binds to troponin and tropomyosin moves to reveal active sites on actin
3. Cross bridge formation
4. Power stroke
5. Recovery stroke