Milestones
Around what age should most infants sit independently with stable trunk control?
A. 3–4 months, coinciding with early head-control onset
B. 5–6 months, coinciding with prop-sitting
C. 6–8 months, following segmental trunk control maturation
D. 9–10 months, concurrent with early pull-to-stand behavior
6–8 months
Postural control primarily involves:A. Visual-spatial integration and ocular pursuit accuracy
B. Trunk and proximal muscle stabilization integrated with vestibular input
C. Distal fine-motor coordination of the hands
D. Speech-motor planning and articulatory precisi
Head, trunk, and balance control
A concerning red flag by ~9 months is:
A. Not rolling both ways
B. Not sitting independently
C. Not pulling to stand
D. Not cruising
Not sitting independently
Which is MOST informative when observing transitions?
A. Time of day only
B. Quality and symmetry of movement between positions
C. Favorite toy color
D. Shoe size
Quality and symmetry of movement between positions
Which caregiver question BEST elicits milestone timing?
A. What is the child's favorite snack?
B. When did your child roll, sit, and walk?
C. How many siblings are there?
D. Do you own a stroller?
When did your child roll, sit, and walk?
Which sequence best reflects typical locomotion progression in the first year?
A. Walking → Pull to stand → Crawling
B. Rolling → Sitting → Crawling/Pull to stand
C. Sitting → Rolling → Walking
D. Standing unaided → Cruising → Crawling
Rolling → Sitting → Crawling/Pull to stand
Which is NOT a typical gross motor domain?
A. Locomotor skill acquisition
B. Manipulative object control
C. Bilateral integration of upper extremities
D. Phonological segmentation processing
Phonological processing
By 18 months, which finding is a red flag?
A. Walking independently
B. Not yet walking independently
C. Running with falls
D. Walking up steps with support
Not yet walking independently
Dynamic balance is observed during:
A. Sustained standing only
B. Walking/running/uneven surfaces
C. Sitting with support
D. Sleeping
Walking/running/uneven surfaces
Family history is MOST relevant when asking about:
A. Neuromuscular or developmental disorders
B. Favorite TV shows
C. Bedtime routines only
D. Pet ownership
Neuromuscular or developmental disorders
By 10–12 months, which skill is MOST expected?
A. Pedaling a tricycle
B. Standing without support
C. Skipping
D. Throwing with accuracy
Standing without support
Motor planning refers to:
A. Muscle strength only
B. Sequencing and executing movement actions
C. Reflex testing
D. Visual acuity
Sequencing and executing movement actions
Which is MOST concerning at any age?
A. Prefers outdoor play
B. Loss of previously acquired motor skills
C. Occasional tripping on uneven ground
D. Fatigue after long play
Loss of previously acquired motor skills
Which pattern may signal a subtle (yellow) concern?
A. Brief stumble on a curb
B. Frequent falls compared to peers after age 3
C. Energetic running at the park
D. Prefers climbing
Frequent falls compared to peers after age 3
Which question screens for regression?
A. Does your child enjoy playgrounds?
B. Has your child lost any previously acquired skills?
C. How many playdates per week?
D. Do they nap once or twice?
Has your child lost any previously acquired skills?
Typical for 2–3 years is:
A. Balances on one foot for 10 seconds
B. Runs with mature pattern
C. Jumps with both feet and throws overhead
D. Skips with alternating feet
Jumps with both feet and throws overhead
Dynamic balance is BEST assessed by which activity?
A. Standing still with feet together
B. Walking on a line or uneven surface
C. Sitting with support
D. Tracking a moving object
Walking on a line or uneven surface
Early hand preference before 18 months suggests:
A. Typical lateralization
B. Possible hemiparesis/asymmetry concern
C. Superior fine motor skills
D. No clinical relevance
Possible hemiparesis/asymmetry concern
Which BEST reflects abnormal movement quality?
A. Smooth reciprocal crawl
B. Marked asymmetry or stiffness with poor trunk control
C. Playful variability
D. Quick transitions with control
Marked asymmetry or stiffness with poor trunk control
A good functional performance probe is:
A. What color is the swing?
B. How do they manage stairs or uneven surfaces?
C. What is their favorite sport team?
D. Do they like cartoons?
How do they manage stairs or uneven surfaces?
A 4–5-year-old most typically can:
A. Pull to stand only
B. Hop and begin skipping; balance on one foot ~10 s
C. Crawl reciprocally
D. Stand with support only
Hop and begin skipping; balance on one foot ~10 s
Manipulative gross motor skills include ALL EXCEPT:
A. Throwing
B. Catching
C. Kicking
D. Buttoning
Buttoning
Persistent hypertonia or hypotonia is best categorized as:
A. Normal variance
B. Tone abnormality — red flag
C. Yellow flag only
D. Behavioral issue
Tone abnormality — red flag
A child who bottom-shuffles instead of crawling MOST likely indicates:
A. Normal variant but monitor (yellow flag)
B. Immediate emergency
C. Advanced motor planning
D. No need to observe further
Normal variant but monitor (yellow flag)
A fatigue-related probe MOST aligned with gross motor is:
A. Do they tire easily during active play?
B. How many books do they read?
C. Do they prefer puzzles?
D. Do they like drawing?
Do they tire easily during active play?