A pilot reporting turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude should report it as…
What is Light Turbulence
100
What two conditions are necessary for structural icing in flight?
What is
1. aircraft must be flying through visible moisture.
2. the temperature at the point where the moisture strikes the aircraft must be 0 degrees C or colder.
100
What 3 conditions are necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds or thunderstorms?
What is
Lifting action,
unstable air, and
sufficient moisture.
100
In the summer months, the strength and location of the jet stream is normally...
What is weaker and farther north
100
List the 7 conditions that meet the criteria for issuing a SIGMET (WS).
What is
Thunderstorm TS,
Severe or greater Turbulence SEV TURB,
Severe Icing SEV ICE,
Widespread dust storm WDSPR DS,
Widespread sandstorm WSSPR SS,
Volcanic Ash VA,
Tropical Cyclone TC
200
When turbulence causes changes in altitude and/or attitude, but aircraft control remains positive, that should be reported as…
What is Moderate turbulence
200
Icing causes what 4 negative impacts to aerodynamics that make a significant hazard in flight?
What is
Increases weight,
reduces lift,
decreases thrust, and
increases drag.
200
List the 3 stages in a thunderstorm life-cycle?
What is
1. Cumulus stage
2. Mature stage
3. Dissipating stage
200
A common location of clear air turbulence is…
A. in an upper trough on the polar side of a jet stream.
B. near a ridge aloft on the equatorial side of a high-pressure flow.
C.south of an east/west oriented high-pressure ridge in its dissipating stage.
What is
A. in an upper trough on the polar side of a jet stream.
200
List the 3 conditions that would classify a thunderstorm as severe, and meet the criteria for the issuance of a Convective SIGMET (WST).
What is Thunderstorm accompanied by
tornadoes,
hail 3/4 inch or greater, or
wind gusts 50 knots or greater.
300
List the 3 main causes of turbulence.
What is
1. Obstructions to wind flow.
2. Convective currents.
3. Windshear
300
Explain the difference between anti-icing and de-icing equipment, and how the equipment should be operated.
What is
Anti-icing prevent the formation of aircraft ice, and should be turned on before the flight enters icing condition.
De-icing removes aircraft ice once it has built up to an appreciable amount, and should be used after ice has formed on the aircraft.
300
What is the key indication that defines each stage in a thunderstorm life-cycle?
What is
1. Cumulus - Updrafts with light to no rain at the surface.
2. Mature - Precipitation beginning to fall with the development of downdrafts.
3. Dissipating - Downdrafts with rain dying rapidly.
300
How can the jet stream, and associated clear air turbulence sometimes be visually identified in flight?
What is by long streaks of streamlined, windswept cirrus clouds
300
List the 6 conditions that meet the criteria for issuing an AIRMET (WA).
What is Sustained surface winds greater than 30 knots STG SFC WND,
Ceiling less than 1,000' or visibility less than 3 SM IFR,
Widespread mountain obscuration MTN OBSCN,
Moderate Turbulence MOD TURB,
Moderate Icing MOD ICE,
Non-convective LLWS potential LLWS POTENTIAL
400
Convective currents are most active on warm summer afternoons with what wind conditions? (light, strong, or moderate winds)
What is Light winds
400
What condition would most likely result in freezing precipitation? Rain falling from air which has a temperature of…
A. 32F or less into air having a temperature of more than 32F.
B. 0C or less into air having a temperature of 0C or more. C. More than 32F into air having a temperature of 32F or less.
What is
C. More than 32F into air having a temperature of 32F or less.
400
The minimum distance hat should exist between intense radar echos before any attempt is made to fly between thunderstorms.
What is 40 miles (20 miles from individual storm)
400
What can be expected on the low-pressure side of a Jetstream core where the speed at the core is stronger than 110 knots?
What is strong wind-shear
400
What are the respective Valid Periods for WA, WS, WST?
What is WA = 6 hours,
WS = 4 hours,
WST = 2 hours
500
When flying low over hilly terrain, ridges, or mountain ranges, where does the greatest potential danger from turbulent air currents exist? (What side of the terrain, and what direction of flight)
What is Leeward side when flying into the wind
500
What weather report offers the best indication of where and what type of icing conditions should be expected
What is PIREP
500
Identify at least 4 significant hazards associated with thunderstorms.
What is
Tornadoes,
turbulence,
squall lines,
turbulence,
icing,
hail,
low ceiling & visibility,
lightning,
LLWS
500
Which type of Jetstream can be expected to cause the greater turbulence?
A. A straight Jetstream associated with a low-pressure trough.
B. A curving Jetstream associated with a deep low-pressure trough.
C. A Jetstream occurring during the summer at the lower latitudes.
What is
B. a curving Jetstream associated with a deep low-pressure trough.
500
The AIRMET series consist of Sierra, Tango, and Zulu. What are the respective conditions associated with each AIRMET?
What is Sierra = IFR & MTN OBSCN.
Tango = MOD TURB, STG SFC WND & LLWS POTENTIAL.
Zulu = MOD ICE