Political/Social Structure
What are the three provinces under Qianlong's rule?
EWT
- Zhongshu province
- Shangshu province
- Menxia province
EWT
What was the group of licensed Chinese merchants that foreign merchants were required to operate through in the Canton system called?
The Cohong
What were 2 challenges that the Chinese military faced (that led to their defeat in various military conflicts)?
1. Lack of technological innovation
2. Outdated military structure
3. Prolonged internal instability
4. Lack of funding
(Kira)
Which conflict did Heshen prolong to bolster his bank account?
White Lotus Rebellion
What was the goal of the British in the Lord Macartney Embassy?
Great Britain was looking to sell their goods to China. They were also looking to open China to trade.
How could someone move up in social standings if they were apart of the lower class ( ex. peasants, merchants, beggars )
EWT
The only way for a person of the lower class to really move up in rank and regard is to take the civil service exam. ( HARD to pass and was NOT common )
EWT
Identify two policies of the Canton system. (What policies did foreign merchants have to operate under)
- Limited foreign trade to Canton (Guangzhou)
- Restricted foreigners to only trade within the "Thirteen Factories" district within Canton.
- Required foreign merchants to only trade through the Cohong.
- Foreigners required to live in Macau.
- Foreign merchants required to pay heavy taxes to Chinese government (through the Cohong).
What system was used to organize and run the Chinese military? What was it called and/or how did it work?
The 8 Banner System organized the army into distinct military divisions: payment and pensions were awarded in a hierarchical caste.
(Kira)
What was Heshen's occupation before being noticed and promoted by Emperor Qianlong?
Imperial bodyguard
What strategically gathered gifts did the British give to the Emperor in tribute? And why?
-Mathematical instruments
-Wedgewood pottery
-Window and plate glass
-Carpets
-Telescope
British hoped to sell these goods to China.
Who was the middle class in the Qianlong rule?
A.) Peasants, artisans, workers, merchants
B.) Actors
C.) Beggars, prostitutes
D.) No middle class
EWT
D.) No middle class
There were some who were viewed higher like peasants compared to merchants but for the most part if you were in the lower class you were there for life and not highly regarded.
EWT
Which 2 European nations set up trade ports in Taiwan in the 1600s?
The Netherlands had a trade port in South Taiwan, and Spain opened a trade port in North Taiwan.
(Kira)
Which internal challenges did the Qing dynasty face by 1800? Name 3.
Administrative problems/Corruption/Decline of the Manchus and bannermen/Financial problems/population increase/failure of the scholars/weakening of the Emperor
What were the British requests to China?
-More trading ports (Chusan, Ningpo, Tientsin)
-Warehouse in Beijing for merchants selling goods
-an unfortified island for the British merchants to live and have goods stored.
-Freedom of movement between Macau and Canton.
-Publish imperial tariffs
Why are the provinces helpful for the emperor?
EWT
The provinces have different departments that help regulate government by passing his emperors control through others.
( This can also be a check for the emperor if they are weak because the province leaders will overthrow and take the mandate of heaven )
EWT
Who took over Taiwan in 1683 and/or who did they overthrow?
The Qing dynasty overthrew the Ming loyalists who had moved to Taiwan after the Ming dynasty was overthrown.
(Kira)
Which factors led to the decline of the bannermen? Name 2.
Corruption cut their finances/Bannermen became lazy and unskilled/Preferential treatment towards Manchu bannermen and the elite
What were the key points of Emperor Qianlong's response to King George III?
China stated that it was insulting that Lord Macartney refused to kowtow to show tribute; this was one of the reasons he rejected the requests. Emperor Qianlong threatened the Westerners if they continued to follow the trading policy.