Study design and methods
Children were initially assessed in kindergarten and followed for 13-19 years. Outcomes were then measured in adulthood. What kind of study is this?
Longitudinal observational study
What's the difference between primary and secondary data? Which one is weaker?
Primary data is collected firsthand while secondary data already exists and is reused. Secondary data is weaker.
What is an odds ratio?
What were the socioecological factors of the HIV study? How did they influence the study design?
Factors: perceived risk of STIs, substance use, self esteem, social support at peer, community, family and relationship level, power dynamics in relationship.
It encouraged multi-level approach by making it more comprehensive and context based.
What are some residual confounding effects on Jones et al’s findings.
(think back to the discussed question)
language, personality
strict or overprotective parents, cultural factors encouraging quiet and obedience
limited exposure to group settings before KG, competitive classroom climates
Define 2 positive childhood experiences (PCEs)?
Talking to family about feelings, familial support, friend support, feeling safe and protected by adults at home, adults showing genuine interest, sense of belonging in high school, participation in community traditions
How can focusing on multiple levels (individual, family, peers, society) complicate the design of the HIV prevention programs?
It causes intersection between the many influences on adolescents' sexual risk behaviors. This makes it harder to implement this program consistently and see what was the true influencing factor behind any change.
How can retrospective self reports of childhood experience threaten internal validities of conclusions about the positive effects of positive childhood experiences?
Recall bias: mood, mental health, and current circumstances can affect what memories people recall
ex. Depressed = remembering the bad moments
Social desirability: only describing the better memories to appear better to the interviewer
Causes incomplete measurement = overestimation or underestimation of the positive effects
Situation: An African American who lives under poverty is more likely to use a condom because he knows the risk of STI/HIV from his friend. Which factors contribute to the situation?
individual, environmental, relationship, peer, family, and society
Peer factors: because he received the information about STI/HIV from his friend which mean he is influenced by his friend