Groupthink
Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?
a. Openness to outside opinions
b. Feelings of invulnerability
c. Group morality
d. Self-censorship
a. Openness to outside opinions
Group polarization...
a. is a risky shift of initial positions.
b. causes all initial positions to be more cautious.
c. occurs when initial positions become more extreme.
d. occurs when group members do not have initial positions.
c. occurs when initial positions become more extreme.
Which of the following is true concerning social facilitation?
a. Even primitive species exhibit social facilitation.
b. Social facilitation has been found only in humans.
c. Only primitive species have been found to exhibit social facilitation.
d. Social facilitation has been found only in humans and higher order mammals, such as chimpanzees.
a. Even primitive species exhibit social facilitation.
In which of the following situations would Luis be most likely to engage in social loafing?
a. He is working alone to type letters on a computer as fast as he can.
b. He is working in a group of three, with his two best friends.
c. He is working in a pair on a task he finds meaningful.
d. He is working in a group of six on a task he considers unimportant.
d. He is working in a group of six on a task he considers unimportant.
In which of the following situations is deindividuation likely to occur?
a. Irma is a spectator in a football stadium with 70,000 other fans.
b. Jada is trick-or-treating wearing her regular clothes and a funny hat.
c. Julian is wearing the jersey of his favorite football team.
d. Amanda is shopping at her neighborhood grocery store where it is not very crowded.
a. Irma is a spectator in a football stadium with 70,000 other fans.
Which is of following would be a statement that might be heard after a group has avoided groupthink?
a. "Whew, that was stressful. I felt like I had to agree with the boss."
b. "I could tell they were pleased that I agreed with them."
c. "They may not be happy but I had to be honest."
d. "No matter what anyone says, I know we did the right thing."
c. "They may not be happy but I had to be honest."
Jorge tells Pedro to be cautious about investing money. If Jorge joined a group of others who thought Pedro should be cautious, how would the group consensus compare to the group members’ initial positions?
a. The group consensus would be more risky than members’ initial positions.
b. The group consensus would be exactly the same as group members’ initial positions.
c. It is impossible to predict what the group consensus would be.
d. The group consensus would be more cautious than members’ initial positions.
d. The group consensus would be more cautious than members’ initial positions.
In which of the following situations is distraction-conflict likely to be the best explanation for social facilitation?
a. Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems.
b. Alphia is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder.
c. Fernanda is solving math problems in a room by herself.
d. Dorrian is solving math problems at a table while Angie works at the computer across the room.
a. Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems.
In which of the following examples is social loafing most likely to occur?
a. Awene’s task is crossing out every third number on pages of numbers. There are three others in his group, and when they are done the group will learn how well they did relative to other groups.
b. Lisea is working in a group of six crossing out every third number on pages of numbers. All group members put their completed pages in one pile.
c. Tasha is crossing out every third number on pages of numbers and puts her name at the top of each page she completes.
d. Asha is working alone on a task that is meaningful to her.
b. Lisea is working in a group of six crossing out every third number on pages of numbers. All group members put their completed pages in one pile.
What is the term that refers to the part of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships?
a. Social identity
b. Social membership
c. Social esteem
d. Social category
a. Social identity
Which of the following is a fundamental element promoting groupthink?
a. Openness to experience
b. Unbiased opinions
c. Group cohesiveness
d. Critical Thinking
c. Group cohesiveness
Which of the following statements represents group polarization through social comparison?
a. “Everyone’s position seems more extreme than mine. Maybe I should change my position.”
b. “I am sure my position is correct. No one would disagree with it.”
c. “Yes, that’s true. I hadn’t thought of that.”
d. “That sounds silly. I don’t agree with it.”
a. “Everyone’s position seems more extreme than mine. Maybe I should change my position.”
In which of the following situations is evaluation-apprehension likely to be the best explanation for social facilitation?
a. Fernanda is solving math problems in a room by herself.
b. Alphia is solving math problems while her teacher watches over her shoulder.
c. Dorrian is solving math problems while Angie works at the computer across the room.
d. Alo and two other students are working at a big table solving math problems.
b. Alphia is solving math problems while her teacher watches over her shoulder.
Which of the following is the best description of the findings of the Ringelmann study on rope-pulling?
a. Groups of six pulled six times harder than did individuals pulling alone.
b. Individuals pulling alone pulled harder than did individuals working in groups.
c. Groups of two and groups of three pulled equally hard.
d. Individuals and groups of two pulled equally hard.
b. Individuals pulling alone pulled harder than did individuals working in groups.
Why does crowd behavior differ so much from individual behavior?
a. Crowds lead us to lose our sense of self, which loosens the behavioral restraints that are typically in place.
b. Crowds cause a focus on long-term norms at the expense of group norms that typically control behavior.
c. Crowds increase self-esteem, which leads to different behavior.
d. Crowds cause mood changes, which can lead to unpredictable behavior.
a. Crowds lead us to lose our sense of self, which loosens the behavioral restraints that are typically in place.
Which of the following is a way to reduce the likelihood of groupthink?
a. Have the leader withhold their opinion.
b. Ensure everyone in the group is in agreement.
c. Challenge those with contrasting views.
d. Insulate the group from outsiders.
a. Have the leader withhold their opinion.
Which of the following is true concerning maintaining group harmony?
a. Group harmony is not an important influence in groupthink or group polarization.
b. Group harmony is equally important for groupthink and group polarization.
c. Group harmony is more important in the development of groupthink than in the development of group polarization.
d. Group harmony is a stronger influence in group polarization than in groupthink.
c. Group harmony is more important in the development of groupthink than in the development of group polarization.
Trevon was working on math problems in a room with a repair person who was focused on working on the heater. Trevon seemed to do well on easy problems and poorly on difficult problems. Which explanation for social facilitation does this example support?
a. evaluation apprehension
b. distraction-conflict
c. mere presence
d. deferred interest
c. mere presence
Working in a group with friends tends to [BLANK] social loafing.
a. reduce
b. increase
c. have no effect on
a. reduce
Why can deindividuation cause a lack of self-restraint?
a. Group members work together to behave in socially acceptable ways, regardless of what individuals think.
b. Group members do not feel as accountable for their actions as individuals do.
c. Individuals pressure other group members to behave impulsively.
d. Individuals believe that because they are acting alone, they are free to exhibit any type of behavior.
b. Group members do not feel as accountable for their actions as individuals do.
Which of the following would be a statement that might be heard after a group has experienced groupthink?
a. “That was fun. I’m glad I could meet so many new and different people.”
b. “Ugh. Terrible decision. What were we thinking?”
c. “I’m so glad everyone was able to share their opinions so freely.”
d. “That was an open and honest discussion.”
b. “Ugh. Terrible decision. What were we thinking?”
Which of the following statements represents group polarization through persuasive arguments?
a. “Everyone’s position seems more extreme than mine. Maybe I should change my position.”
b. “I feel uncomfortable expressing my opinion in this group.”
c. “That’s a silly idea. I don’t agree with it.”
d. “That’s a good idea. I hadn’t thought of that.”
d. “That’s a good idea. I hadn’t thought of that.”
Which of the following is the best explanation of the findings of Norman Triplett’s fishing reel study on social facilitation?
a. There was no difference between individuals and pairs of individuals in how fast they wound fishing reels.
b. Individuals and pairs of individuals wound fishing reels equally fast.
c. Individuals wound fishing reels faster than pairs of individuals.
d. Pairs of individuals wound fishing reels faster than individuals.
d. Pairs of individuals wound fishing reels faster than individuals.
Social loafing tends to be reduced in which of the following conditions?
a. Work in which a participant trusts their coworkers to perform well.
b. Group projects where everyone contributes anonymously.
c. Activities where each participant has a unique contribution to make.
d. Tasks participants find uninteresting and personally irrelevant.
c. Activities where each participant has a unique contribution to make.
[BLANK] can signal to group members the norms of the group and cause deindividuation.
a. Facial features
b. Members’ backgrounds
c. Individual goals
d. Distinctive clothing
d. Distinctive clothing