Topic_4 DNA, Chromosomes & Genomes
Covalent bond responsible for connecting sugar molecules together in DNA strands
What are Phosphodiester bonds?
A multi-enzyme complex with a "Y" shaped structure
What is the Replication Fork?
A process in the "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" in which a single strand of DNA is used to code for RNA.
What is Transcription?
This elongation factor increases the efficiency of transcription and contributes to accuracy by checking that amino acid has been attached to tRNA with a corresponding anticodon.
What is EFT-U?
Functional unit for production of a protein, structural RNA, or RNA molecule
What is Gene?
Use of ribonucleoside triphosphate to synthesize short RNA primers in 5' to 3' direction
What is DNA primase?
A subregion of the nucleus where RNAs synthesis and processing occur.
What is nucleolus?
30%-60% of approximately 25,000 of these are expressed at some meaningful level
What are genes?
Allow for nucleosome cores to be repositioned, reconstituted with different histones, or completely removed to access underlying DNA
What are ATP-Driven Chromatin Remodeling Complexes?
An enzyme that is needed to create separation between interlocked double stranded DNA during replication. ATP is hydrolyzed for this enzyme to reset at the end of a cycle.
What is DNA topoisomerase II?
Bacterial RNA polymerase requires this factor to recognize bacterial gene promoters
What is sigma?
Proteins responsible for facilitating protein folding and are especially required for large proteins/complexes
What are Molecular Chaperones?
The four types of covalent histone modifications
What is Methylation, Phosphorylation, Acetylation, and Ubiquitination?
A repair pathway that creates new variations of DNA sequences during meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms, to be passed on to offspring
What is Homologous Recombination?
Protein complexes made up of proteins and snRNAs that are responsible for the splicing process of preMRNA
What are Spliceosomes?
What does CAU or CAC code for?
What is Histidine
The two complexes responsible for the introduction of heterochromatin-specific histone tail modifications as well as the removal of those modifications
What are Reader-Writer and Reader-Eraser Complexes?
The helicase produced protein that binds to ssDNA in order to facilitate the opening of a double helix so that DNA polymerase can copy the correct ssDNA template
What is Single-Strand DNA binding protein (SSB)?
This two primed hydroxyl group is more chemically reactive than the two primed hydrogen in DNA
What is Ribose
The process that starts when the 5' end of mRNA begins to exit the nuclear pore with the intent of eliminating mRNA with defects that arise from transcription and splicing such as premature stop and nonsense codons.
What is nonsense mediated mRNA decay?