Elections & Courts
Who won the presidential election of 1800 after a tie and a decision in the House of Representatives?
Thomas Jefferson
Name one major exploration commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to learn about the West.
Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)
What practice by the British Navy, involving American sailors, helped cause the War of 1812?
Impressment (forcibly taking sailors into the British navy)
Which treaty (signed with Spain) helped the U.S. gain Florida and settle a boundary in the South?
Adams–Onís Treaty (1819)
Who was President when the Monroe Doctrine was announced?
James Monroe
What was the main constitutional question decided in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
Whether the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional (judicial review).
What major land purchase did Jefferson make in 1803 that doubled the size of the United States?
Louisiana Purchase
Which treaty ended the War of 1812 and restored territory to pre-war boundaries?
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
What agreement set the 49th parallel as part of the northern boundary between the United States and British North America in 1818?
Convention of 1818
In one sentence, what main idea did the Monroe Doctrine express about European colonization in the Americas?
That European powers should not establish new colonies or interfere in the affairs of independent nations in the Americas.
Why is the election of 1800 sometimes called a "revolution"? Give one reason.
It marked the first peaceful transfer of power between rival parties (Federalist → Democratic‑Republican); it showed the Constitution could work despite political conflict.
What action did Jefferson take to try to stop British and French interference with U.S. trade, which ended up hurting American merchants?
The Embargo Act (1807) — banned most U.S. trade with foreign nations.
Name one battle or military leader associated with U.S. victory or fame during the War of 1812
Andrew Jackson (Battle of New Orleans), William Henry Harrison (Battle of Tippecanoe — note: earlier frontier conflicts; Harrison later led in War of 1812)
On a map, locate the land added by the Louisiana Purchase — which major river formed an important boundary for that territory?
The Mississippi River
Why did the United States issue the Monroe Doctrine — what U.S. interests did it aim to protect?
To protect the Western Hemisphere from European recolonization and to safeguard the independence of newly freed Latin American nations and U.S. security interests.
What long-term effect did Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison have on the Supreme Court?
It established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court power to strike down laws that conflict with the Constitution.
Who were the Barbary pirates and why did Jefferson send U.S. naval forces to confront them?
They were North African pirates who seized ships and held sailors for ransom; Jefferson sent naval forces to protect American commerce and stop paying tribute.
Explain how trade restrictions between Britain and France affected the United States and contributed to war.
British and French blockades and restrictions hurt American shipping and angered merchants; the U.S. saw trade rights and neutral shipping as vital.
Explain one way the Adams-Onís Treaty and the Convention of 1818 changed U.S. territory or borders.
Adams–Onís gave Florida to the U.S. and set a boundary with New Spain; the Convention of 1818 set the U.S.–British North America border at the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rockies.
Explain how the Monroe Doctrine reflected growing U.S. confidence or nationalism after the War of 1812.
It showed U.S. leaders saw the United States as a regional protector and signaled growing confidence after proving itself in conflicts like the War of 1812.
Explain how the election of 1800 changed the way presidential power and political parties were viewed in the United States (give two effects).
Possible effects: strengthened party politics and the presidency’s role in leading a political party; encouraged expansion of democratic participation; reduced Federalist influence.
Describe two important results of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for the United States.
Opened trade and exploration routes, improved maps, increased knowledge of Native American nations, and strengthened U.S. claims to western lands.
Describe two consequences of the War of 1812 for U.S. nationalism and international standing.
Increased nationalism, weakened Native American resistance in some areas, stimulated American manufacturing, and proved U.S. ability to defend itself.
Describe how U.S. boundaries had shifted between 1800 and 1820 and name two events that caused those changes.
Between 1800 and 1820 the U.S. grew west and south (Louisiana Purchase, Adams–Onís); causes include purchases, treaties, and negotiations.
Analyze one limit or weakness of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was announced (how effective could the U.S. actually be enforcing it in 1823?)
The U.S. lacked a strong navy and army to enforce the policy alone and often relied on British naval power and diplomatic support; it was more a statement of intent than an immediately enforceable policy.