DISSECTION 1.0
Human dissections were not utilized except for a brief period in Alexandria. Why was that?
Human dissection was considered to be taboo in Greek medicine.
The period for human dissections seems to have been brief, lasting this long.
What is 30-40 years?
He is regarded as the 'Father of Anatomy.'
Who is Herophilus?
Erasistratus recognized heart valves and their workings. He also believed arteries carried this bodily material?
What is pneuma?
The performing of this is crucial for learning about human anatomy.
What are dissections on specimens?
Rather than using humans, Greek medicine used this for dissections.
What are animals?
These two figures utilized human dissection.
Who are Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos?
He was the first to make an accurate description of the liver.
Who is Herophilus?
Erasistratus discovered the mechanical workings of what four body parts?
What are the kidneys, liver, bladder, and stomach?
What change made it okay for human dissection to be performed?
May have been allowed due to Egyptian Practice, Greeks were less concerned over physical remains and interested in empirical methods
Using animals for dissection had this particular benefit.
Experimentation could be done whether the animal was dead or alive.
Human dissection would not be practiced again until this century.
What is the 13th or 14th century?
Describe the four main anatomical discoveries made by Herophilus.
He found:
(1) Anatomical difference of veins and arteries
(2) heart responsible for pulsing due to the distension (diastole) and contraction (systole) of the walls of the heart and arteries
(3) Distinguished four ventricles/three membranes of the brain (seat of intellect), motor and sensory nerves
(4) Recognized/described female and male reproductive organs, lymphatic system, pancreas
He is believed to have written the first specific treatise on animal anatomy and similar to Aristotle, he may have made discoveries to make inferences about human anatomy.
Who is Diocles of Carytus?
This person claims to have dissected animals every day, favorite subject was monkeys because of their human resemblance.
Who is Galen?
The animals chosen by Galen for dissection were chosen for what reason?
he tried to use animals that were most similar to humans.
Prior to Herophilus and Erasistratus, the most detailed and systematic anatomical studies were carried out all on animals and by this person.
Who is Aristotle?
The portable water clock is used to compare pulse rate, an object that was invented by Herophilus and given this name.
What is a klepsydra?
Aretaeus and anatomists noted how the womb was held by these internal body parts.
What are membranes and ligaments?
This period is remembered as a time of anatomical discovery and experimentation at Alexandria.
What is Hellenistic times?
According to Galen, how applicable was what he learned from animal dissections to human anatomy?
Galen was conscious that extrapolation of the findings to human beings was not always possible and would warn others about drawing hasty conclusions from his experiments.
The first person to perform a dissection of the eye, according to Calcidius.
Who is Alcmaeon?
His description of the brain and nervous system reveals greater accuracy than that achieved by Herophilus.
Who is Erasistratus?
Artificial mummification or intentional preservation was performed on who?
Who is Fred the Turin Mummy?
During this period of time, there were works of the new anatomists, now working on human cadavers and not animals, which dented Galen's reputation somewhat.
What is the Renaissance?