These are the two states which have specific legislation for consent for minors
What are NSW and SA?
100
This class of drug is used both as an anxiolytic/hypnotic and as a mood stabiliser to treat Bipolar disease
What are Benzodiazepines (or anticonvulsants)?
100
This type of diagnostic imaging technique is preferred when a patient has to get multiple scans due to reduced radiation.
What is an MRI
100
These elements/processes fall under the "Psycho" heading of the bio-psycho-socio-cultural model.
What are thoughts, emotions, behaviours?
100
This was the name of the man who suffered a spinal cord injury in our case "Trapped" (Week 21)
What is Ben?!!!!!!!!!!!!!
200
Abuse and withdrawal of what two chemicals/drugs can account for up to 50% of anxiety disorders
What are Benzodiazepines and/or alcohol
200
With regards to classical conditioning, describe how anxiety occurs
What is... Anxiety occurs due to paired association between anxiety symptoms and a neutral stimulus?
200
These are the 3 major types of anxiety disorders
What are Generalised Anxiety Disorder, Phobic Disorder and Panic Disorder?
200
Name one type of atypical antidepressants
What is bupronion (wellbutrin) or NaSSA's (noradrenaline and specific serotonin antidepressants)
200
These are the two differences between the meninges of the BRAIN vs. the meninges of the SPINAL CORD
What is
Spinal cord has... 1. Denticulate Ligaments and 2. Epidural space (has venous plexus embedded in epidural fat)?
300
If minors are allowed to give consent for treatment but rarely are they allowed to refuse treatment without having their decision overruled. Why is this criticised?
What is... Assymetrical Allowance:
if a mature minor is judged as competent to accept treatment then they should be judged competent enough to also refuse treatment
300
Describe operant conditioning
What is... Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour
300
These are three planes that brain scans are presented in during an MRI
What are Coronal, Sagittal, Axial?
300
This type of treatment for anxiety disorders should be graded, repeated and regular and prolonged
BONUS: Explain why each of these is important
What is Systematic Desensitization
Bonus answer:
• Graded – Don’t want to confront feared situation that is too difficult → may become extremely anxious/have panic attack → strengthens assoc btwn fear + setting.
• Repeated and regular – if exposures too far apart, fear does not abate
• Prolonged – must stay in anxiety-inducing situation until anxiety has passed. Choosing to stay reinforces fear of situation and tells patient that leaving will help
300
You ask a patient to say "Ah" and you notice their uvula is deviated towards the left. This is a lesion to which cranial nerve?
What is Right vagus
400
Give two of the "Frasier Guidelines" (i.e. why we can give contraception to minors under the age of 16)
What are...
Minor has competence: Gillick-competence
Minor understands nature of advice, risks of sexual i/c etc
Doctor cannot persuade minor to inform parents
Minor is likely to pursue intercourse whether or not Rx not provided
Without contraception, minor’s physical or mental health is likely to suffer
Minor’s best interests require provision of advice/Rx without parental consent
400
Describe the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment
What is
Negative reinforcement - removal of unfavourable events or outcomes after the display of a behaviour.
Negative punishment - a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs
?
400
This type of imaging technique is contraindicated for people with metal implants?
What is MRI?
400
This is the highest stage in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs
What is self-actualisation? (or self-improvement/growth or anything like that)
400
Draw a cross-section of the spinal cord - Include horns, rami, roots, sympathetic chain
.....
500
How can Maslow's hierarchy be applied to mental Health?
What is... If someone is deprived of one of the stages then they are often unable to progress to higher ones, an example being a child who is taken away from their parents (safety, level 2) and may later have problems with trust and intimacy (love/belonging, level 3) or have low self-esteem as a result (esteem, level 4).
500
Put these benzodiazepines in order of shortest acting to longest: Diazepam, Midazolam, Clonazepam, Temazepam
What is Medazolam, Temazepam, Diazepam, Clonazepam?
500
Devise a non-pharmacological treatment strategy for a person with an acute phobia of ferrets utilising tehcniques such as CBT, Exposure and Relaxation and anything else important that you can think of
Important things to have mentioned:
o Give the patient relaxation skills – in this case breathing exercises and perhaps mindfulness meditation would be most suitable.
o Establishing subjective units of discomfort (SUDs)
o For cognitive behaviour therapy: questions such as ‘what’s the worst thing that could happen?’ etc
o DIET!
500
DOUBLE WHAMMY:
1. Lower amounts of this neurotransmitter put a person at a higher lifetime risk of developing an anxiety disorder
2. Improper connections to this area of the brain can increase the chances of developing pathologic anxiety
What is
1. GABA?
2. The amygdala?
500
Explain in terms of pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts why a stroke patient may present with
1. Decorticate Rigidity
2. Decerebrate Rigidity
Rubrospinal tract is Upper Limb Flexor
Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts are Lower Limb Extensors
So...
Decorticate: LESION ABOVE MIDBRAIN → Removal of influence of corticospinal tracts on all tracts → Flexion of upper limbs and extension of lower limbs
Decerebrate: LESION BELOW MIDBRAIN → Removal of influence of the corticospinal tract on reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tract + removal of Rubrospinal tract → Extension of both limbs