Menstrual Disorders
What is amenorrhea?
No menstruation by age 15 or 6 months after previously normal cycles.
What is PCOS?
Irregular cycles, hirsutism, acne, and insulin resistance in reproductive-aged women.
What are uterine fibroids (leiomyomas)?
Benign smooth-muscle tumors of the uterus causing heavy menses or pelvic pressure.
What is abstinence?
birth control method that is 100% effective if practiced consistently.
What causes primary dysmenorrhea?
Excess prostaglandins leading to strong uterine contractions and pain.
What is primary dysmenorrhea?
Painful menses without pelvic disease due to excess prostaglandins.
What is menopause?
The natural end of menstruation, typically around age 50.
What is endometriosis?
Presence of uterine tissue outside the uterus causing pain, scarring, and infertility.
What is an IUD?
Contraception option inserted into the uterus; can be copper or hormonal.
What symptom pattern is typical of dysmenorrhea?
Crampy lower abdominal pain that may radiate to the back or thighs.
What is menorrhagia?
Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
PCOS increases long-term risk of these metabolic conditions.
type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
Infection of the upper reproductive tract, usually from untreated STIs.
What is a progestin-only pill (POP)?
“Mini pill” safe for breastfeeding women or those with migraines with aura.
What first-line intervention should be taken before the onset of menses to reduce dysmenorrhea pain?
NSAIDs
What is PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)?
Cyclic symptoms 5–7 days before menses that affect mood and behavior.
What is estrogen therapy?
Hormonal therapy can treat hot flashes during menopause.
What is a myomectomy?
Surgical removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus.
What is a copper IUD?
Emergency contraception that is most effective and can provide ongoing birth control.
What is the key difference between PMS and PMDD?
PMDD has severe mood symptoms that interfere with daily functioning.
What is PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder)?
Severe PMS that interferes with daily functioning
What is acanthosis nigricans?
A hallmark skin change in PCOS indicating insulin resistance.
What are some symptoms of endometriosis?
cyclic pain, dyspareunia, and ovarian “chocolate cysts.”
What are tubal ligation or vasectomy?
Surgery to permanently prevent pregnancy in women or men.
What are two evidence-based treatments for PMDD?
SSRIs and hormonal contraceptives.